8.3 Accuracy and Inaccuracy in Memory and Cognition Flashcards

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1
Q

cognitive biases

A
  • errors in memory or judgment that are caused by the inappropriate use of cognitive processes
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2
Q

source monitoring

A
  • the ability to accurately identify the source of a memory
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3
Q

confirmation bias

A
  • the tendency to verify and confirm our existing memories rather than to challenge and disconfirm them
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4
Q

functional fixedness

A
  • when schemas prevent us from seeing and using information in new and nontraditional ways
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5
Q

misinformation effect

A
  • errors in memory that occur when new but incorrect information influences existing accurate memories
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6
Q

overconfidence

A
  • when we are more certain that our memories and judgments are accurate than we should be
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7
Q

salience

A
  • when some stimuli, (e.g., those that are colorful, moving, or unexpected) grab our attention and make them more likely to be remembered
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8
Q

representativeness heuristic

A
  • tendency to make judgments according to how well the event matches our expectations
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9
Q

availability heuristic

A
  • idea that things that come to mind easily are seen as more common
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10
Q

cognitive accesibility

A
  • idea that some memories are more highly activated than others
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11
Q

counterfactual thinking

A
  • when we “replay” events such that they turn out differently (especially when only minor changes in the events leading up to them make a difference)
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12
Q

sleeper effect

A
  • attitude change that occurs over time when we forget the source of information
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13
Q

flashbulb memory

A
  • a vivid and emotional memory of an unusual event that people believe they remember very well
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14
Q

heuristics

A
  • information-processing strategies that are useful in many cases but may lead to errors when misapplied
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