5.4 Chapter Summary

Question 1

consciousness

Answer 1

• our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment

Question 2

Rapid eye movement (REM)

Answer 2

• accounts for about 25% of our total sleep time, during which we dream

Question 3

Non-rapid eye movement

Answer 3

• a deep sleep characterized by very slow brain waves, and is further subdivided into three stages: stages N1, N2, and N3

Question 4

stimulants

Answer 4

• including caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, and emphetamine, are psychoactive drugs that operate by blocking the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in the synapses of the central nervous system (CNS)

Question 5

opiods

Answer 5

• including opium, morphine, heroin, and codeine, are chemicals that increase activity in opioid receptor neurons in the brain and in the digestive system, producing euphoria, analgesia, slower breathing, and constipation

Question 6

hallucinogens

Answer 6

• including cannabis, mescaline, and LSD, are psychoactive drugs that alter sensation and perception and which may create hallucinations

Question 7

hypnosis

Answer 7

• a trance-like state of consciousness, usually induced by a procedure known as hypnotic induction, which consists of heightened suggestibility, deep relaxation, and intense focus

Question 8

sensory deprivation

Answer 8

• the intentional reduction of stimuli affecting one or more of the five senses, with the possibility of resulting changes in consciousness

Question 9

meditation

Answer 9

• techniques in which the individual focuses on something specific, such as an object, a word, or one‘s breathing, with the goal of ignoring external distractions