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Biology > B8 - Transport in Plants > Flashcards

B8 - Transport in Plants Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the xylem? [2]

A
  • transport water and mineral ions
  • support
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2
Q

What is the structure of a xylem vessel like? [3]

A
  • made up of dead cells
  • no end walls between cells
  • cells are strengthened with lignin
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3
Q

What is the function of the phloem? [1]

A
  • transport of sucrose and amino acids
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4
Q

What is the structure of a phloem vessel like? [3]

A
  • made up of living cells
  • end walls have perforated sieve plates
  • cells walls made of cellulose
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5
Q

How are the minerals in the xylem vessel transported? [1]

A

via active transport

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6
Q

How is water moved to the roots? [1]

A

via osmosis

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7
Q

What do xylem vessels not have? [2]

A
  • no cell wall
  • no cell membrane
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8
Q

Where does the xylem vessel transport to and from? [2]

A
  • transports to the stems, leaves and flowers from the roots
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9
Q

What structure do the xylem and phloem form? [1]

A

vascular bundles

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10
Q

What are vascular bundles used for? [2]

A
  • transport
  • support
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11
Q

What is the flowage like in a xylem vessel? [1]

A

one-way flow only
- from root to the rest of the plant

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12
Q

What is the flowage like in a phloem vessel? [1]

A

two-way flow movement

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13
Q

What is unique about the cells in a phloem vessel? [1]

A

cells are living but they need support from companion cells

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14
Q

What are perforated sieve plates? [1]

A

it lets some things in and not others

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15
Q

Why are companion cells used in phloem vessels? [2]

A
  • phloem cells are living but have no nucleus and very little cytoplasm
  • they are supported by companion cells that have all the cell organelles
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16
Q

What are 3 differences between xylem and phloem vessels? [3]

A
  1. xylem = no end plates whereas phloem = perforated sieve plates
  2. xylem = one-way flow of movement whereas phloem = two-way flow of movement
  3. xylem = made up of dead cells whereas phloem = made up of living cells
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17
Q

Where is the xylem and phloem located in the roots? [2]

A
  • middle = the cross
  • outside the cross
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18
Q

Where is the xylem and phloem located in the stem? [2]

A
  • the inside = small dots
  • the outside = one dot
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19
Q

Where is the xylem and phloem located in a leaf? [2]

A
  • up = thicker and bigger
  • down = smaller
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20
Q

What is transpiration? [2]

A

the loss of water from plant leaves by evaporation of water at mesophyll cells and then diffusion of water vapour through the stomata

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21
Q

How is water lost from the leaves? [3]

A
  • from the leaves
  • to the air
  • out of the stomata
22
Q

What are adaptations of root hair cells? [2]

A
  • large surface area
  • increases the rate of absorption of water by osmosis
23
Q

How does water travel to the leaves? [2]

A
  • up the stem
  • in the xylem
24
Q

Where is water absorbed from and by? [2]

A
  • absorbed from soil
  • absorbed by roots
25
Q

How do minerals in the water get into the roots? [1]

A

via active transport

26
Q

What does active transport require? [3]

A
  • energy
  • ATP
  • carrier protein
27
Q

Where does the process of evaporation occur? [1]

A

from cells to air space

28
Q

Where does the process of diffusion happen? [1]

A

from stomata to atmosphere

29
Q

How does water move from the roots to the leaves? [3]

A
  • loss of water in leaves reduces tension in the xylem vessels in the leaf
  • water moves up the xylem tube from high to low pressure
  • water molecules stick together as they are cohesive
30
Q

What is the Cohesion Tension? [1]

A
  • water molecules are stuck together
31
Q

Which has a lower water potential: soil or root hair cell? [1]

A

root hair cell

32
Q

What is the transpiration stream? [2]

A

the movement of water through the plant from the root to the leaves

33
Q

What are the different places water moves through in the transpiration stream? [6]

A
  • root hair cells
  • root cortex cells
  • xylem vessel
  • mesophyll cells
  • air space
  • stomata
34
Q

What is the path taken of the movement of water through a plant (transpiration stream)? Explain. [5]

A
  • water enters the root hair cell by osmosis
  • water enters xylem from root cortex cells by osmosis
  • water enters mesophyll cells by osmosis
  • water evaporates from mesophyll cells into air spaces
  • water vapour leaves the leaf by diffusion through the stomata
35
Q

How is water pulled up the xylem? [1]

A

by tension and cohesion

36
Q

What are the factors affecting transpiration? [4]

A
  • light intensity
  • wind speed
  • temperature
  • humidity
37
Q

How is brighter light advantageous for transpiration? [4]

A
  • causes more stomata to open up
  • more water can diffuse out
  • stomata close in the dark to reduce water loss
  • when all stomata are open = transpiration rate at its max
38
Q

How is a higher temperature advantageous for transpiration? [2]

A
  • the faster water evaporates from cells of the leaf
  • diffusion of water vapour out of the leaf increases
39
Q

How is the windier the weather advantageous for transpiration? [3]

A
  • the more water vapour molecules are blown away from the leaf
  • steeper the concentration gradient between leaf and surrounding air
  • water diffuses more quickly out of the leaf
40
Q

How is humidity disadvantageous for transpiration? [3]

A
  • more humid = more water vapour in the air
  • the smaller the concentration gradient between leaf and surrounding air
  • water diffuses more slowly
41
Q

What is the method when using a potometer? [4]

A
  • lift up tube from beaker to take in an air bubble
  • air bubble moves towards the plant as water moves into the shoot and is lost via evaporation from the leaves
  • measure the distance the air bubble moves in a period of time
  • refill the tube using the reservoir and repeat the measurements
42
Q

What is the method when using a balance? [6]

A
  • place a cut shoot from a plant in a measuring cylinder
  • pour layer of oil or use bung
  • weigh the whole apparatus
  • leave for a period of time
  • weigh again
  • calculate change in mass
43
Q

What is wilting? [1]

A
  • the result of a water deficit in the plant
44
Q

When does wilting occur? [2]

A

when water loss through transpiration exceeds water uptake by the roots

45
Q

What does the loss of water in wilting lead to? [1]

A
  • a loss of turgor pressure in the plant cells
  • cells become flaccid
46
Q

What is translocation? [2]

A

movement of sucrose and amino acids in the phloem from sources to sinks

47
Q

What is a source? [2]

A

parts of the plant that release sucrose and amino acids

48
Q

What is a sink? [2]

A

parts of the plant that use or store sucrose and amino acids

49
Q

What are the sources and sinks in summer? [2]

A
  • sources: leaves
  • sinks: flowers, fruits, roots, bulbs, tubers
50
Q

What are ths sources and sinks in winter? [2]

A
  • sources: storage organs like roots, bulbs, tubers
  • sinks: newly growing leaves
51
Q

Why can plant organs be both sources and sinks? [3]

A
  • depends on the season
  • in summer more photosynthesis happens in the leaves so nutrients from the leaf go to the roots, etc
  • in winter there’s less light so less photosynthesis so the roots store nutrients from previous photosynthesis reactions and so nutrients go from roots to leaves

Biology (22 decks)

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