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Biology > B13.1 & 13.2 - Coordination and Response > Flashcards

B13.1 & 13.2 - Coordination and Response Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nervous system made up of? [3]

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
  • nerves
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2
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of? [1]

A
  • nerves that branch out of the spinal cord and brain
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3
Q

What is the role of the nervous system? [2]

A
  • coordination and regulation of body
  • gets feedback about the world
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4
Q

Which bone is the brain protected by? [1]

A

the skull

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5
Q

How do muscles respond? [1]

A

by contracting

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5
Q

What are the three main stages of the nervous system? [3]

A
  • stimulus
  • sensory receptors
  • effectors
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5
Q

Which bone is the spinal cord protected by? [1]

A

vertebral column (backbone)

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6
Q

What is the stimulus? [1]

A

a change in the environment

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7
Q

What are the sensory receptors? [2]

A
  • group of cells
  • detect the stimulus
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8
Q

What is an effector? [2]

A
  • carries out a response
  • muscles or glands
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9
Q

Where are receptor cells found? [1]

A

sense organs

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9
Q

How do glands respond? [1]

A

by secreting a substance

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10
Q

What is the receptor in the eye and what is the stimulus? [2]

A
  • photoreceptors (light receptors)
  • light
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11
Q

What is the receptor in the tongue and what is the stimulus? [2]

A
  • chemoreceptors (taste receptors)
  • chemicals in food
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11
Q

What is the receptor in the skin and what is the stimulus? [4]

A
  • temperature receptors
  • pressure receptors
  • heat
  • pressure
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12
Q

What is the receptor in the nose and what is the stimulus? [2]

A
  • smell receptors
  • chemicals in the air
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13
Q

What does the receptor cells do with the stimulus? [1]

A

change into an electrical impulse

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14
Q

How long does the whole process of a voluntary response take? [1]

A

0.7 seconds

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15
Q

Describe the steps involved in a voluntary response in a nervous reaction. [9]

A
  • stimulus
  • receptor cells
  • sensory neurone
  • spinal cord
  • brain
  • spinal cord
  • motor neurone
  • effector
  • response
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16
Q

What is a conscious response? [2]

A
  • if information from the sensory neurone goes to the brain
  • you deciding what to do
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16
Q

What does a reflex action do? [3]

A
  • occur without thinking
  • automatic and protective
  • go past the brain for extra speed
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17
Q

What is a reflex action? [3]

A

a means of automatically and rapidly integrating and coordinating stimuli with the responses of effectors

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18
Q

How long does the whole process of a reflex action take? [1]

A

0.2 seconds

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19
Q

Examples of when reflex actions occur. [4]

A
  • breathing
  • heart rate
  • digestion
  • when in danger
20
Describe the pathway taken for a reflex action or an involuntary response. [7]
- stimulus - receptor - sensory neurone - spinal cord - motor neurones - effector - response
21
What do electrical impulses travel along? [1]
neurones
22
3 examples of neurones. [3]
- sensory neurones - relay neurones - motor neurones
23
What is a hormone? [4]
a chemical substance which is produced in endocrine glands and carried in the plasma which travels in the blood stream to specific cells found in target organs
24
What do the adrenal glands produce? [1]
adrenaline
25
What do the ovaries produce? [1]
oestrogen
26
What does the pancreas produce? [1]
- insulin - glucagon
27
What do testes produce? [1]
testosterone
28
How long is a hormone carried around the body for? [2]
- until it finds a target cell - should have receptors which are specific to that hormone on the cell membrane
29
What does a hormone do after it finds a receptor in the target cells? [2]
- binds to these receptors - causes a response within the cell
30
What is the speed of communication in NERVES vs. HORMONES? [2]
- N: very fast - H: slower
31
What is the method of transport in NERVES vs. HORMONES? [2]
- N: electrical impulse - H: in the blood
32
What is the duration of response in NERVES vs. HORMONES? [2]
- N: short acting - H: longer acting
33
What is the area targeted in NERVES vs. HORMONES? [2]
- N: very precise area - H: larger area
34
What is adrenaline? [2]
the hormone secreted in 'fight or flight' situations
35
How is adrenaline released? [5]
- brain detects stressful, dangerous or exciting situation - brain sends nerve impulse to adrenal glands - secretes adrenaline into the blood - adrenaline travels to target organs - gets body ready for action
36
What does adrenaline cause after being released? [4]
- increased rate of respiration - increased rate of breathing - increased heart rate - diverting of blood
37
Why is there an increased rate of respiration? [1]
to release more energy
38
Why is there an increased rate of breathing? [1]
to cope with extra demand for oxygen due to increased respiration
39
Why is there an increased heart rate? [2]
delivers oxygen to cells more quickly for increased respiration
40
Why is there a diverting of blood away from certain areas? [1]
to go to the muscles from the skin or digestive system
41
Where does blood get diverted from? [2]
- digestive system - skin
42
What does adrenaline also cause? [4]
- pupils widen - heightens sensitivity - makes a person more alert - causes liver to break down glycogen stores to release glucose
43
What are the main target organs for adrenaline? [4]
- heart - lungs - eyes - liver
44
How does increasing the breathing and pulse rate increase metabolic activity? [4]
- adrenaline causes heart muscle to contract more and with more force, leading to increased heart and pulse rates - blood flow to muscles increases and cells receive more oxygen and glucose for increased respiration - adrenaline causes liver to break down glycogen stores to release glucose - blood glucose concentrations increase because of this so there's more glucose in the blood to be transported to the cells
45
Why do we look pale when frightened? [2]
- blood in skin is diverted to muscles - blood going away from skin to muscles
46
What is a cell body? [2]
- where the nucleus is - controls the neurone
47
What is a dendrite? [2]
- receives the impulse - branched to connect with many neurones
48
What is an axon? [2]
- transmits the impulse away from the cell body - long so that impulses can travel fast
49
What is a dendron? [1]
transmits the impulse towards the cell body
50
What are the nerve endings? [1]
- forms junctions with other cells
51
What is a myelin sheath? [2]
- insulates the axon to stop electrical impulses leaking away - speeds up transmission of nerve impulse
52
What is a sensory neurone? [2]
- carries electrical impulses from receptor cells to CNS
53
What is a relay neurone? [2]
- carries electrical impulses from a sensory neurone to motor neurone
54
What is a motor neurone? [2]
- carries electrical impulses from the CNS to effectors

Biology (26 decks)

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