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Biology > B10 - Diseases and Immunity > Flashcards

B10 - Diseases and Immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a disease? [2]

A

the state of the body when it cannot cope with changes by the normal homeostatic methods

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2
Q

What is a pathogen? [1]

A

a disease causing organism

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3
Q

What is a transmissible disease? [2]

A

a disease in which the pathogen can be passed from one host to another

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4
Q

What are examples of non-transmissible diseases? [3]

A
  • red-green colour blindness = genetics
  • heart disease = diet
  • cystic fibrosis = genetics
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5
Q

Name the features of a bacteria cell. [8]

A
  • cell wall
  • cell membrane
  • ribosomes
  • cytoplasm
  • nucleoid
  • plasmid
  • pili
  • capsule
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6
Q

What is a nucleoid? [2]

A
  • DNA
  • circular chromosome
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7
Q

What is pili? [1]

A

helps stick to the cells

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8
Q

What is the cell wall in a bacteria cell made of? [1]

A

peptodoglycan

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9
Q

What do viruses include? [3]

A
  • protein coat
  • DNA/RNA
  • envelope
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10
Q

What are 4 facts about viruses? [4]

A
  • they are particles rather than cells
  • they don’t have a cellular structure
  • they only reproduce inside other living cells
  • they are both pathogens and parasites
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11
Q

How do transmissible diseases spread? [2]

A
  • through direct contact
  • through indirect contact
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12
Q

How is a pathogen transmitted by direct contact? [1]

A

through blood and other body fluids

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13
Q

How is a pathogen transmitted indirectly? [4]

A
  • from contaminated surfaces
  • food
  • animals
  • air
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14
Q

How does a clean water supply prevent transmission of pathogens? What’s the process? [3]

A
  • filter the water
  • add chlorine
  • kills pathogens
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15
Q

How does hygienic food preparation prevent transmission of pathogens? What’s the process? [3]

A
  • preparing food in hygienic conditions
  • reduces the spread of pathogens from work surfaces and chopping boards to food
  • kills pathogens
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16
Q

How does good personal hygiene prevent transmission of pathogens? What’s the process? [2]

A
  • washing your hands after going to the toilet
  • prevents the spread of disease
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17
Q

How does waste disposal prevent transmission of pathogens? What’s the process? [3]

A
  • not letting rubbish build up
  • having systems in place to safely dispose of things like soiled bandages and used needles
  • prevents the spread of disease
18
Q

How does sewage treatment prevent transmission of pathogens? What’s the process? [3]

A
  • having a good system for sewage treatment
  • prevents sewage from contaminating drinking water
  • reduces the spread of water-borne pathogens
19
Q

What are the different body defences against pathogens? [4]

A
  • skin
  • hairs in the nose
  • stomach acid
  • mucus
20
Q

What type of barrier is the skin and how does it work? [2]

A
  • mechanical barrier
  • if damaged, blood clots are formed by platelets to quickly seal cuts and prevent the entry of pathogens
21
Q

What type of barrier are the hairs in the nose and how do they work? [2]

A
  • mechanical barrier
  • traps particles from the air that could contain pathogens
22
Q

What type of barrier is stomach acid and how does it work? [3]

A
  • chemical barrier
  • stomach produces acid which kills pathogens
  • gets rid of stuff in food and water
23
Q

What type of barrier is mucus and how does it work? [3]

A
  • chemical barrier
  • cells lining the trachea secrete mucus which traps pathogens in incoming air
  • ciliated cells waft the mucus back up to the throat to be swallowed
24
Q

What are the features of viruses? [2]

A
  • protein coat
  • genetic material
25
Q

What is the immune system’s main form of defence? [1]

A

white blood cells

26
Q

What are the 2 types of white blood cells and their functions? [4]

A
  • lymphocytes: make antibodies
  • phagocytes: engulf and digest the pathogen
27
Q

What is different in every pathogen? [1]

A

antigen

28
Q

What does a different antigen in each pathogen mean? [1]

A

it means that a different antibody is needed for each type of pathogen

29
Q

How are antibodies and antigens related? [1]

A

they are complimentary in shape

30
Q

What is the process called of engulfing and digesting? [1]

A

phagocytosis

31
Q

What are the adaptations for phagocytes? [3]

A
  • contains digestive enzymes in their cytoplasm
  • irregular shape so they can squeeze through gaps in capillary walls
  • sensitive cell membrane to detect micro organism
32
Q

What are the adaptations for lymphocytes? [2]

A
  • pathogens have special protein markers
  • large nucleus contains many copies of genes for antibody production
33
Q

Outline the process of vaccination. [4]

A
  • vaccine contains small amounts of dead or a weakened form of the pathogen
  • inserted into the body usually by injection
  • vaccination stimulates an immune response causing lymphocytes to produce antibodies to that pathogen
  • memory cells are produced
34
Q

What does the vaccination cause the body to produce? [2]

A
  • antibodies
  • memory cells
35
Q

What are memory cells? [1]

A

they have long-lasting immunity

36
Q

How do memory cells work? [3]

A
  • they keep the instructions for making those antibodies again if the pathogen enters the body
  • this means that the next time round the antibodies can be made very quickly and in large quantities
  • this means the pathogen is destroyed before it can multiply
37
Q

What are antibodies? [2]

A
  • proteins that bind to antigens leading to direct destruction of pathogens
  • marking of pathogens for destruction by phagocytes
38
Q

What is active immunity? [2]

A

defence against a pathogen by antibody production in the body

39
Q

When is active immunity gained? [1]

A

after an infection by a pathogen of vaccination

40
Q

What is needed for pathogens to reproduce? [3]

A
  • suitable temperature
  • food
  • moist

Biology (20 decks)

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