B4 - Biological Molecules Flashcards
What are carbohydrates made up of? [1]
Simple sugars
Which elements do carbohydrate molecules contain? [3]
Carbon, Hydrogen & Oxygen
What is the main component of cell walls? [1]
Cellulose
What are the large, complex carbohydrates made up of? [1]
many smaller molecules of glucose (a simple sugar) joined together in a long chain
Which elements do protein molecules contain? [4]
Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen & Oxygen
What are proteins made up of? [1]
Long chains of Amino Acids
What do some proteins also contain in terms of elements? [1]
Sulfur atoms
Which elements do fat molecules contain? [3]
Carbon, Hydrogen & Oxygen
What are fats and oils made up of? [2]
Fatty acids & Glycerol
What smaller molecules is glucose made from? [3]
Starch, Glycogen & Cellulose
Why do organisms need carbohydrates? [1]
Easily available energy
Why do organisms need fats? [3]
Storage of energy, insulation & making cell membranes
Why do organisms need proteins? [5]
Making cells, antibodies, enzymes, haemoglobin & used for energy
In carbohydrates, what can starch and glycogen be broken down into and then what individual molecule? [2]
Maltose sugars - then individual glucose molecules
What’s the importance of carbohydrates? [1]
- energy release (respiration)
What are carbohydrates temporarily stored as and where? [2]
- glycogen
- liver/muscles
What are excess carbohydrates stored as? [1]
Fat
What are some food sources of carbohydrates? [6]
- bread
- rice
- pasta
- potato
- jam
- honey
What are the two groups of carbohydrates? [2]
Starch & Sugar
Why are carbohydrates stored as starch? [3]
- insoluble
- won’t dissolve in water
- won’t affect osmosis in cells
Why do we need food? [4]
- energy
- growth
- repair
- health
What’s the acronym as to why we need food? [3]
Enjoy GReat Health
What are proteins first broken down into to form? [1]
Polypeptides
What’s the importance of proteins? [4]
- growth
- tissue repair
- making enzymes
- prevents kwashiorkor
What are some food sources of proteins? [6]
- meat
- fish
- beans
- lentils
- nuts
- eggs
What is the name for a fat? [1]
Triglyceride
What’s the importance of fats/lipids? [2]
- insulation
- long term energy storage
What are some food sources of fats/lipids? [6]
- vegetable oil
- red meat
- egg yolks
- chocolate
- cream
- butter
What are enzymes? [2]
Proteins that speed up reactions in living systems.
Where is glucose and glycogen stored in animals? [2]
- glucose: blood
- glycogen: liver & muscles
Where is sucrose, sugar, starch and cellulose stored in plants? [4]
- sucrose: phloem
- sugar: nectar
- starch: leaves
- celulose: cell wall
What is used to test for starch? [1]
Iodine
What is used to test for protein? [1]
Biuret test
What is used to test for fats and oils? [1]
Ethanol Emulsion Test
What is used to test for sugars? [1]
Benedict’s Solution
From what colour to what colour does the sample change if starch IS present? [1]
browny-orange –> dark blue-black colour
From what colour to what colour does the sample change if protein IS present? [1]
blue —> purple
From what colour to what colour does the sample change if lipids ARE present? [1]
clear –> milky/cloudy emulsion
From what colour to what colour does the sample change if sugar IS present? [2]
blue —> blue, green, yellow, orange, brick red
What are the 3 main biological molecules called? [3]
CARBOHYDRATES, PROTEIN , FATS/LIPIDS
