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Biology > B6 - Plant Nutrition > Flashcards

B6 - Plant Nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

What is photosynthesis? [2]

A

process by which plants synthesise carbohydrates from raw materials using energy from light

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2
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis? [2]

A

carbon dioxide + water —> glucose + oxygen

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3
Q

What is in the presence of photosynthesis? [2]

A
  • light
  • chlorophyll
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4
Q

What is chlorophyll? [2]

A
  • green pigment
  • found in chloroplasts
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5
Q

What is the balanced symbol equation for photosynthesis? [3]

A

6CO₂ + 6H₂O —> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

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6
Q

What does chlorophyll do? [2]

A
  • absorbs light
  • transfers light energy into chemical energy
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7
Q

Why does chlorophyll transfer light energy to..? [2]

A
  • chemical energy
  • for the synthesis of carbohydrates
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8
Q

Where does the carbon dioxide needed for photosynthesis come from? [1]

A

air

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9
Q

By which process does carbon dioxide move? [1]

A

diffusion

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10
Q

How does carbon dioxide get into the leaf? [1]

A

through the stomata

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11
Q

Where does the light energy needed for photosynthesis come from? [1]

A

sun

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12
Q

How are leaves adapted to absorb the maximum amount of light? [1]

A

large surface area

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13
Q

What sort of reaction is photosynthesis? What does this mean? [2]

A
  • endothermic
  • it needs energy to keep it going
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14
Q

Why doesn’t photosynthesis happen in the roots? [2]

A
  • no chloroplasts in the roots
  • its underground and doesn’t get any light
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15
Q

What is glucose? [1]

A

a sugar

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16
Q

What does the plant use glucose for? [2]

A
  • respiration
  • growth
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17
Q

How is extra glucose stored by the plant? [1]

A

stored as starch in the leaf

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18
Q

What does biomass mean? [1]

A

how heavy the plant is

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19
Q

Where is chlorophyll found? [1]

A

in the chloroplasts

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20
Q

What is cellulose used for? [1]

A

building cell walls

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21
Q

What is sucrose used for? [1]

A

transport in the phloem

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22
Q

What is nectar used for? [1]

A

attract insects for pollination

23
Q

What are the 2 main minerals plants require? [2]

A
  • nitrate ions
  • magnesium ions
24
Q

What are nitrate ions used for? [2]

A
  • protein synthesis
  • making amino acids
25
Q

What are magnesium ions used for? [1]

A

production of chlorophyll

26
Q

How do plants get their minerals? [4]

A
  • soil
  • dissolved in water
  • enter through the roots via osmosis
  • enter through the soil via active transport
27
Q

How does water needed for photosynthesis enter the plant? [1]

A

through the roots

28
Q

Where does the water needed for photosynthesis come from? [1]

A

the soil

29
Q

By which process does the water needed for photosynthesis enter? [1]

A

osmosis

30
Q

How does the water needed for photosynthesis travel to the leaves? [1]

A

xylem vessel

31
Q

Why is it important that plants store some of their glucose as starch? [3]

A
  • provides a store of energy
  • used at night when plant can’t photosynthesise
  • used for respiration
31
Q

Why are plants called producers? [1]

A

they produce their own food

31
Q

What is a variegated leaf? [2]

A
  • a leaf which has chlorophyll in some parts but doesn’t have chlorophyll in some parts
32
Q

How can carbon dioxide be removed from the air surrounding the leaf? [4]

A
  • leaf is destarched to get rid of all prior starch
  • leaf put into an airtight bag
  • bag contains CO₂ remover (limestone or soda lime)
  • other gases like oxygen still present
33
Q

What is destarching and how is it done? [3]

A
  • plant should be in the dark for at least 24hrs
  • removes all stores of glucose
  • this is done to see if any starch was made during the experiment
34
Q

How is light removed from the leaf? [4]

A
  • leaf destarched for around 24hrs
  • piece of cardboard or dark paper is put on top of a section of the leaf - not allowing light to enter
  • whole leaf is not covered - so there is a control and so that we can see the difference
  • it is put in the light for 24hrs afterwards
35
Q

What’s the method for testing a leaf for starch? What is the reason for doing each step? [8]

A
  1. boil the leaf in water for 2 minutes
    - breaks down the cell walls and stops enzyme action with the leaf
  2. the leaf is then warmed in warm ethanol until it turns colourless
    - it takes out chlorophyll as chlorophyll only dissolves in ethanol and not water
  3. the leaf is then dipped into water briefly
    - allows penentration by iodine solution and softens the brittle leaf
  4. the leaf is then placed on a white tile where iodine solution is added to it
    - iodine shows if there is starch or not and colours can be easily seen on top of a white tile
36
Q

What are safety precautions to take when testing a leaf for starch and reasons why they are taken? [4]

A
  1. safety goggles
    - in case ethanol or hot water gets in your eyes
  2. ethanol
    - it’s flammable so make sure the bunsen burner is turned off
37
Q

What are the limiting factors of photosynthesis? [3]

A
  • light intensity
  • carbon dioxide concentration
  • temperature
38
Q

What do the graphs for carbon dioxide concentration and light intensity look like? [3]

A
  • rate of photosynthesis gets higher as both factors increase
  • then it levels off
  • graph = up then mid straight
39
Q

What does the graph for temperature look like? [3]

A
  • rate of photosynthesis increases the higher the temperature
  • if temperature gets too high the enzymes will denature and reaction will stop
  • graph = up then down
40
Q

How do leaves having a large surface area benefit for photosynthesis? [1]

A

it can absorb lots of sunlight

41
Q

How do plants being very thin benefit for photosynthesis? [1]

A

gases do not have to travel very far

42
Q

What is the function of the waxy cuticle? [2]

A
  • helps in water proofing the leaf
  • this prevents water loss
43
Q

What is the function of the upper epidermis? [3]

A
  • acts as a protective layer
  • barrier to disease organisms
  • allows sunlight to penetrate
44
Q

What is the function of the palisade mesophyll layer? [3]

A
  • main region for absorption of light for photosynthesis
  • near leaf surface = maximum light intensity
  • most chloroplasts for maximum light absorption
45
Q

How does the palisade mesophyll layer being close to the airspaces and the vascular bundle help? [2]

A
  • air spaces: chloroplasts to receive carbon dioxide and release oxygen (gas exchange)

-vascular bundle: receive water and sending sucrose

46
Q

What is the function of the spongy mesophyll layer and air spaces? [2]

A
  • air spaces allow gas exchange
  • carbon dioxide to the cells and oxygen from the cells during photosynthesis
47
Q

What is the vascular bundle? [2]

A
  • contains xylem vessels
  • contains phloem vessels
48
Q

What is the function of the xylem vessels? [2]

A
  • transports water and minerals to the leaf
  • supports the leaf and stem
49
Q

What is the function of the phloem vessels? [2]

A
  • transports sucrose sugars and amino acids away from the leaf
50
Q

What is the function of the lower epidermis? [2]

A
  • acts as a protective layer
  • contains the stomata and guard cells
51
Q

What is the function of the guard cells/stomata? [2]

A
  • guards cells control the opening and closing of the stomata
  • maintain the loss of water vapour during transpiration and allows carbon dioxide in
52
Q

What are 4 factors that make photosynthesis happen efficiently? [4]

A
  • method of exchanging gases
  • way of delivering water
  • way of absorbing light
  • removal of glucose

Biology (20 decks)

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