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RDS Test 1 > B8-031 Embryogenesis > Flashcards

B8-031 Embryogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

gastrulation begins with the formation of the

A

primitive streak

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2
Q

formation of trilaminar disc from epiblast occurs in week […]

A

3

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3
Q

layers formed during gastrulation [3]

A

endoderm
mesoderm
ectoderm

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4
Q

forms the extraembryonic endoderm and mesoderm

A

hypoblast

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5
Q

[…] cells are among the first to ingress from the primitive streak

A

pre-notochordal cells

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6
Q

acts with the primitive nodes as a second signaling regions in the head region

A

anterior visceral endoderm

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7
Q

expresses genes essential for head formation

inhibits the formation of the primitive streak in the head

A

anterior visceral endoderm

AVE

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8
Q

the anterior/cranial end of the embryo is established [before/after] gastrulation

A

before

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9
Q

dorsalizing molecules [4]

A

chordin
goosecoid
noggin
follistatin

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10
Q

dosalizing molecules dorsalize the cranial mesoderm to form [3]

A

head structures
notochord
paraxial mesoderm

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11
Q

antagonizes the dorsalizers

ventralizes mesoderm to form intermediate and lateral plate mesoderm

A

BMP 4

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12
Q

dorsalizes mesoderm in middle and caudal embryo to form paraxial mesoderm somites

A

brachyury T

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13
Q

what causes sirenomelia?

A

absence of Brachyury T

results in shortening of axis and fusion of limb buds

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14
Q

notochord forms ventral to

A

neural plate

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15
Q

notochord arises from mesoderm and induces the overlying ectoderm to form […]

A

neural plate

(notochord secrete the dorsalizing molecule to induce the ectoderm)

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16
Q

notochord and primitive streak [do/do not] overlap

A

do not

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17
Q

FGF8 establishes expression of nodal on the left, but then […] represses left-sideness genes on RIGHT

A

SHH

(results in right handedness)

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18
Q

abnormalities in cilia proteins lead to […] defects

A

laterality

(cilia set up directional fluid flow in the primitive node that moves the signaling molecules in specific patterns)

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19
Q

situs inversus and primary ciliary dyskinesia are due to defects in

A

cilia proteins

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20
Q

overexpression of […] results in conjoined twin phenotype

A

goosecoid

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21
Q

when is the embryo most sensitive to teratogenic insult

A

week 3

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22
Q

merged forebrain occurring due to high doses of alcohol consumption

A

holoprosencephaly

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23
Q

failure of eye fields to separate properly

A

synopthalmia

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24
Q

de novo formation of the endothelial tubes from precursor cells

A

vasculogenesis

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25
Q

sprouting of endothelial lined vascular tubes off existing vessels

A

angiogenesis

26
Q

blood vessels form from […] mesoderm

A

LPM

27
Q

unbalanced blood supply between twins in shared placenta

results in a net flow from one twin to the other

A

twin-twin transfusion syndrome

28
Q

in twin-twin transfusion syndrome, the […] twin will present with hypovolemia and oligohydramnios

A

donor

29
Q

in twin-twin transfusion syndrome, the […] twin will present with hypervolemia and polyhydramnios

A

recipient

30
Q

congenital vascular malformation that is:
common
often occurs in craniofacial regions
may disappear over time

A

capillary hemangiomas

31
Q

congenital vascular malformation that is:
less common
gets larger and darker over time
skin thickens

A

port-wine stains

32
Q

defects of ventral body wall [4]

A

ectopia cordis
gastroschisis
cloacal exstrophy
bladder exstrophy

33
Q

defects of ventral body wall are caused by

A

failure to close after lateral folding

34
Q

the […] layer of the bilaminar germ disc contributes to cells that invaginate during gastrulation

A

epiblast

35
Q

the […] consists of multinucleated cells

A

syncytiotrophoblast

36
Q

the […] consists of small cuboidal cells

A

hypoblast

37
Q

differentiate from the trophoblast [2]

A

syncytiotrophoblast
cytotrophoblast

38
Q

the inner cell mass hallows to form the […] cavity

A

blastocyst

39
Q

gastrulation starts with the formation of the [..] on the surface of the epiblast

A

primitive streak

40
Q

dorsalized ectoderm that forms the neural tube

A

neural plate

41
Q

notochord induces overlying […] to form

A

neural plate

42
Q

the […] is at the cranial end of the primitive streak

A

primitive node

43
Q

the primitive streak first extends […]

A

cranially

(those cells form the primitive node)

44
Q

forms the non-invaginated epiblast

A

ectoderm

45
Q

fusion of lower limbs and vertebral abnormalities

A

sirenomelia

46
Q

transposition of the viscera in the thorax/abdomen

A

situs inversus

47
Q

defects of cilia on node cells leads to […] defects

A

laterality

48
Q

mesoderm is ventralized by

A

BMP4

49
Q

nodal is expressed on the embryonic […] side

A

left

50
Q

head genes are expressed in the

A

anterior visceral endoderm

51
Q

responsible for dorsalization of the cranial mesoderm

A

chordin

52
Q

lateral folding promotes formation of [4]

A

cardiac tube
gut tube
body cavities
ventral body wall

53
Q

initial site of hematopoiesis during prenatal development

A

extraembryonic blood islands

54
Q

hemangioblasts are derived from what germ layer?

A

mesoderm

55
Q

hemangioblasts form [2]

A

hematopoietic stem cells
angioblasts

56
Q

blood islands arise during the process of

A

vasculogenesis

57
Q

epidermis is derived from

A

ectoderm

58
Q

foregut lining is derived from

A

endoderm

59
Q

dermis of the back is derived from

A

paraxial mesoderm

60
Q

heart is derived from

A

splanchnic lateral plate mesoderm

61
Q

urogenital system arises from

A

intermediate mesoderm

62
Q

the embryonic period encompasses weeks […] of development

A

3-8

RDS Test 1 (23 decks)

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