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RDS Test 1 > B8-016 Physiology of Pregnancy > Flashcards

B8-016 Physiology of Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

[…] volume and […] resistance blood flow to placenta

A

high volume and low resistance blood flow to placenta

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2
Q

stem cells of placenta

A

cytotrophoblast

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3
Q

major transport layer of the placenta

A

syncytio-trophoblast

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4
Q

send out invasive cytotrophoblasts that eventually reach the spiral arteries, remodeling them and allowing for higher blood flow

A

anchoring villus

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5
Q

cytotrophoblast remodeling of spiral arteries allows for increased […] and decreased […]

A

volume
resistance

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6
Q

major hormones produced by the placenta/trophoblasts [4]

A

chorionic gonadotropin (CG)
placental lactogen (PL)
progesterone
estrogens

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7
Q

detectable in maternal serum 7-9 days following the midcycle LH surge

A

hCG

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8
Q

expressed 5-10 d after conception;
in maternal serum 3 weeks after fertilization

A

PL

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9
Q

hCG is present through pregnancy but peaks about week […]

A

10

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10
Q

hCG binds to […] receptors

A

LH

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11
Q

half life of hCG is

A

hours

(as opposed to LH which only lasts minutes)

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12
Q

maintains function of the corpus luteum and progesterone production for the first 7 weeks

A

hCG

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13
Q

placental lactogen is structurally very similar to

A

growth hormone

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14
Q

PL can bind to […] receptors [2]

A

GH
PRL

(regulates metabolism and mammary glands)

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15
Q

the placenta lacks […] to make DHEA

A

cyp17

cannotsynthesize androgens

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16
Q

the placenta receives DHEA-S from [2]

A

maternal circulation
fetus

(via adrenals)

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17
Q

myometrial contraction is inhibited by

A

P4

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18
Q

myometrial contraction is stimulated by

A

estrogens

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19
Q

cervical maturation is inhibited by

A

P4

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20
Q

cervical maturation is promoted by [3]

A

E
Relaxin
PGE2

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21
Q

maintains uterine quiescence
antagonizes estrogens actions

A

progesterone

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22
Q

source of hCG and PL

A

syncytiotrophoblasts of the placenta

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23
Q

inhibits the myometrial contractability and softens the cervix for birth

A

relaxin

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24
Q

stimulates uterine contractions via gap junctions and induces the expression of oxytocin receptors

A

estrogens

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25
Q

stimulates cervix softening and uterine contractions

A

prostaglandins (PGF2a)

26
Q

major contractile hormone

A

oxytocin

27
Q

increase in secretion of CRH from the placenta stimulates [2]

A

fetal DHEA production
prostaglandin production

28
Q

describe the ferguson reflex

A

oxytocin induces myometrial contractions –> cervical stretch

cervical stretch exerts positive feedback on supraoptic nuclei in hypothalamus to secrete more oxytocin –> progress labor

29
Q

inhibit milk synthesis [2]

A

estrogen
progesterone

30
Q

functions in mammary gland duct growth and fat deposition

A

estrogen

31
Q

functions in the growth of the alveolar epithelium

A

progesterone

32
Q

function in growth of the mammary gland and milk synthesis [3]

A

PRL
GH
PL

33
Q

induces transcription of PRL synthesis and increases number of lactotropes during pregnancy

A

estrogen

34
Q

stimulates milk secretion and lipase activity

A

prolactin

35
Q

propels milk through the ducts to nipples via contraction of the myoepithelium

A

oxytocin

36
Q

prolactin is under dominant inhibition via

A

dopamine

37
Q

after delivery, the main stimulator of prolactin synthesis is

A

suckling stimulus

38
Q

high levels of […] can cause amenorrhea while breastfeeding

A

prolactin

39
Q

main stimulus for oxytocin release

A

suckling

40
Q

hormone responsible for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy in early weeks

extends luteal phase until placenta can make its own progesterone

A

hCG

41
Q

placental delivery removes the block progesterone and estrogen have on

A

milk synthesis

42
Q

endometrial reaction at implantation

A

decidual reaction

43
Q

[…] is produced by the placenta immediately after implantation to prevent regression of the corpus luteum

stimulates production of estrogen and progesterone

A

hCG

44
Q

the […] takes over production of progesterone and estrogen after the first trimester

A

placenta

45
Q

synthesized from syncytiotrophoblast after fertilization

A

hCG

46
Q

hCG is structurally similar to [3]

A

LH
FSH
TSH

(all four share the same alpha subunit, beta subunit differentiates them)

47
Q

oxytocin is stored in the […] pituitary gland

A

posterior

48
Q

oxytocin is produced in the […] nuclei of the hypothalamus, then stored in the […] gland

A

paraventricular (preoptic)
posterior pituitary (herring bodies)

49
Q

stored in the posterior pituitary in specialized nerve endings called Herring bodies

A

oxytocin

50
Q

acts on the uterus to increase contraction during childbirth

A

oxytocin

51
Q

acts on the mammary glands to induce milk let down in breastfeeding mothers

A

oxytocin

52
Q

inhibits secretion of GnRH from the hypothalamus during breastfeeding

A

prolactin

53
Q

symptoms of global hypopituitarism

A

fatigue
anorexia
poor lactation
loss of pubic/axillary hair

(suspect Sheehan syndrome)

54
Q

what hormones inhibit lactation in pregnancy? [2]

A

estrogen
progesterone

55
Q

stimulates mammary gland development during pregnancy

A

estrogen

56
Q

stimulates growth of alveolar epithelium during pregnancy

A

progesterone

57
Q

stimulates pituitary lactotrope proliferation and prolactin synthesis during pregnancy

A

estrogen

58
Q

during weeks 6-8 of pregnancy, hCG produced by the placenta stimulates […] secretion by the corpus luteum

A

progesterone

59
Q

[…] secretion by the ovary is required to maintain pregnancy during weeks 6-8

A

progesterone

60
Q

when does the placenta begin to synthesize/secrete its own progesterone?

A

week 7ish

61
Q

when is placental production of progesterone sufficient to maintain the pregnancy on its own?

A

weeks 8-10

62
Q

inadequate levels of hCG or placental production of progesterone after week […] will result in pregnancy loss

A

7

RDS Test 1 (23 decks)

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