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RDS Test 1 > B8-004 Female Endocrinology > Flashcards

B8-004 Female Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

GnRH stimulates the […] to release LH and FSH

A

anterior pituitary

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2
Q

stimulates growth of follicles and estrogen synthesis and secretion

A

FSH

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3
Q

stimulates follicle steroidogenesis as well as ovulation of mature follicle and formation of corpus luteum

A

LH

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4
Q

stimulates estrogen and progesterone synthesis and secretion by the corpus luteum

A

LH

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5
Q

protein involved in the regulation of GnRH

A

kisspeptin

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6
Q

mutation in kisspeptin can cause […] in humans and […] in mice

A

mutation in kisspeptin can cause infertility in humans and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in mice

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7
Q

neurons in the […] nuclei regulate the production of kisspeptin, and therefore GnRH [2]

A

arcuate
anteroventral periventricular (pre-optic)

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8
Q

neurons in the hypothalamus release hormones into the […] that regulate anterior pituitary function

A

median eminence

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9
Q

action potentials in the Kisspeptin and GnRH neurons allow for […] in LH and FSH release

A

pulsatility

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10
Q

what types of cells does LH act on in the ovary? [3]

A

thecal cells
granulosa cells
luteal cells

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11
Q

what type of cells does FSH act on in the ovary? [1]

A

granulosa cells

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12
Q

most potent estrogen

A

estrodial

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13
Q

in women, the […] is the more significant source of androgens

A

adrenal cortex

(elevated androgens in PCOS)

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14
Q

secreted by the granulosa cells to stimulate FSHb transcription

A

activins

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15
Q

secreted by the granulosa cells to inhibit FSHb transcription

A

inhibins

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16
Q

secreted by granulosa cells of small growing follicles

used clinically as an indicator of follicle/oocyte pool

A

anti-mullerian hormone (AMH)

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17
Q

what effect does estrogen have on the HPO axis?

A

both negative feedback and positive feedback

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18
Q

stimulates prolactin behavior

A

estrogen

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19
Q

what effect does progesterone have on the HPO axis?

A

negative feedback

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20
Q

causes endometrial proliferation and increases excitability of the myometrium in the uterus

A

estrogen

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21
Q

stimulates the development of glands/vasculature in the uterus and
decreases myometrial excitability

A

progesterone

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22
Q

[…] decrease FSH
[…] stimulates FSH

A

inhibins decrease FSH
activins stimulate FSH

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23
Q

effects of estrogen at the mammary gland [3]

A

duct growth
fat deposition
inhibits milk synthesis

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24
Q

effects of progesterone at the mammary gland [2]

A

growth of alveolar epithelium
inhibits milk synthesis

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25
Q

as the follicle grows during folliculogenesis, there is increased secretion of […] by the granulosa cells [2]

A

estradiol
inhibin

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26
Q

aromatase is expressed in […] cells

A

granulosa

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27
Q

driving steroid during follicular phase

A

estrogen

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28
Q

during folliculogenesis, estrogen provides negative feedback on the arcuate nucleus, suppressing the production of […] [2]

A

GnRH
Kisspeptin

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29
Q

gonadotropin surge occurs […] prior to ovulation

A

36-48 hrs

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30
Q

in the early follicular phase, inhibin secretion is […], so FSH is […]

A

inhibin low
FSH higher

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31
Q

in the late follicular phase, inhibin secretion is […], so FSH is […]

A

inhibin high
FSH lower

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32
Q

in the late follicular phase, positive feedback of estradiol on AVPV neurons causes […] GnRh secretion

A

increased

(also increases GnRH-R)

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33
Q

[…] is the most important hormone during the luteal phase

A

progesterone

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34
Q

LH drives […] production in the theca cells

A

androgen

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35
Q

FSH drives […] production in the granulosa cells

A

estrogen

36
Q

during the luteal phase, the granulosa cells also express receptors for LH, causing the production of [2]

A

progesterone
estradiol

(via cellular reorganization: removal of the basement membrane, differentiation, and altered gene expression)

37
Q

during the luteal phase, P4 […] E2

A

P4 > E2

38
Q

during the early follicular phase, P4 […] E2

A

P4 < E2

P4 is decreasing, E2 rising

39
Q

during the late follicular phase, P4 […] E2

A

P4 < E2

high levels of E2 giving positive feedback on HPO axis

40
Q

during what phase are high levels of E2 providing positive feedback on HPO axis?

A

late follicular

41
Q

effects of the follicular phase on the uterus [4]

A

proliferation
expression of P4-R
contractions
cervix changes

(mediated by E2)

42
Q

effects of the luteal phase on the uterus [4]

A

gland development
uterine secretions
uterine vasculature
quiescence

(mediated by P4)

43
Q

peak/maximum oocytes numbers occur during […]

A

fetal development

44
Q

neuronal remodeling occurring in the […] during puberty is responsible for changes in gonadotropin secretion

A

hypothalamus

(gonadal steroid-independent)

45
Q

as females approach puberty, there is a […] in estrogen negative feedback

A

reduction

(results in an increase in gonadotropin secretion)

46
Q

during a normal menstrual cycle, what day is a good approximation for the day of ovulation?

A

mid-cycle day

(in 28 day cycle, day 14)

47
Q

ovarian secretion of estradiol is lowest when?

A

during menstruation

(day 0)

48
Q

[…] cells express aromatase and convert androgens to estrogen

A

granulosa

49
Q

which cells are separated from the vasculature by the basement membrane?

A

granulosa cells

50
Q

which cells are positioned closest to the vasculature?

A

theca cells

51
Q

estrogen induces the expression of […] on gonadotropes to enhance the gonadotropin surge

A

GnRH receptors

52
Q

in the late follicular phase, estrogen induces the kisspeptin neurons in the AVPV via […] feedback

A

positive

53
Q

positive feedback of estrogen in the late follicular phase increases the delivery of GnRH to the gonadotropes. This causes them to release [2]

A

LH
FSH

54
Q

estrogen inhibits the activity of Kisspeptin neurons via the […] nucleus

A

arcuate

55
Q

estrogen stimulates the activity of Kisspeptin neurons via the […] nucleus

A

AVPV

56
Q

progesterone always elicits […] feedback on the hypothalamus

A

negative

57
Q

[…] functions to slow the secretion of LH

A

progesterone

58
Q

how would LH, FSH, and estrogen levels be affected by menopause?

A

LH high
FSH high
estrogen low

59
Q

promotes mono-ovulation
prevents poly-ovulation

A

inhibin

60
Q

nuclei in the hypothalamus regulating the release of GnRH [2]

A

arcuate nucleus
AVPV nucleus

61
Q

the oogonium undergo mitosis and produce […] which are primary oocytes

A

primordial follicles

62
Q

acts upon thecal cells to convert cholesterol into androgens

A

LH

63
Q

stimulates the production of granulosa cells

A

FSH

64
Q

androgens move from theca cells to granulosa cells, where FSH and aromatase stimulate its conversion to

A

estrogen

65
Q

during which phase is estrogen causing a negative feedback loop?

A

early follicular

66
Q

during which phase is estrogen causing a positive feedback loop?

A

late follicular

67
Q

released mid-cycle to override the anterior pituitary and shut of production of FSH

A

inhibin

(only hormone being produced at this time is LH –> LH surge)

68
Q

stimulates proteolytic enzymes to cut around the follicle, releasing the oocyte

A

LH surge

69
Q

LH stimulates the corpus luteum to produce

A

progesterone

70
Q

what phase of the menstrual cycle is represented by day 0-14 of the ovary?

A

follicular

71
Q

what phase of the menstrual cycle is represented by day 0-14 of the uterus?

A

proliferative

72
Q

what phase of the menstrual cycle is represented by day 15-28 of the ovary?

A

luteal

73
Q

what phase of the menstrual cycle is represented by day 15-28 of the uterus?

A

secretory

74
Q

[…] can stimulate the theca cells to produce more androgens

A

IGF-1

partially why they think PCOS has comorbid insulin resistance

75
Q

what sustains the corpus luteum during the luteal phase?

A

LH

(LH will be slightly higher in luteal phase)

76
Q

what drives high progesterone in pregnancy?

A

hCG

77
Q

how do exogenous androgens affect the HPO axis?

A

inhibits kisspeptin and GnRH

low LH and FSH

(essentially acts like a GnRH antagonist)

78
Q

what would you expect to see for estrogen, progesteron, FSH, and LH levels in a menopausal female?

A

estrogen low
progesterone low
FSH high
LH high

(FSH and LH are still trying to stimulate the ovary, but ovary is no longer responding due to lack of follicles)

79
Q

kisspeptin and GnRh are […] in menopause
inhibin is […] in menopause

A

kisspeptin and GnRh are [elevated] in menopause
inhibin is [suppressed] in menopause

80
Q

stimulates Leydig cells to produce androgens

A

LH

81
Q

granulosa cells within the follicle express […] receptors

A

FSH

82
Q

FSH induces the expression of […], which converts androgens to estrogens in granulosa cells

A

aromatase

83
Q

theca cells express […] receptors

A

LH

84
Q

LH induces the expression of […] which are required for androgen synthesis from cholesterol in theca cells [3]

A

CYP11A
3betaHSD
CYP17

85
Q

[…] cells produce estrogen and inhibin

A

granulosa

86
Q

[…] cells synthesize androstenedione

A

theca

RDS Test 1 (23 decks)

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