B5 - communicable diseases fact test

Question 1

what is the definition for health

Answer 1

health is the state of physical and mental wellbeing

Question 2

what are communicable diseases

Answer 2

disease that can be spread from person to person and caused by pathogens

Question 3

what are non-communicable diseases

Answer 3

diseases that are not caused by pathogens and cannot be spread

Question 4

what are pathogens

Answer 4

pathogens are microorganisms that cause infectious disease in plants or animals, and include bacteria, viruses, fungi and protists

Question 5

how do bacteria make you feel ill

Answer 5

produce toxins that damage cells

Question 6

how do viruses make you feel ill

Answer 6

reproduce inside cells which damages them

Question 7

how can pathogens be spread

Answer 7

water, air or direct contact

Question 8

how can the spread of disease be prevented

Answer 8

• being hygienic
• destroying vectors
• isolating infectious people
• using vaccinations

Question 9

name everything you need to know about measles

Answer 9

• viral disease
• symptoms include fever and red skin rash
• spread by inhalation of sneeze and cough droplets
• it’s a serious illness and can be fatal in complications arise so most young people are vaccinated
• to prevent the spread, young people are vaccinated

Question 10

name everything you need to know about HIV

Answer 10

• viral disease
• symptoms are a flu-like illness
• spread by sexual contact or exchange of bodily fluids e.g. sharing needles
• if it’s not controlled by antiretroviral drugs, the virus attacks the body’s immune cells
• later stage HIV leads to AIDS which occurs when the body’s immune system becomes so badly damaged it can no longer deal with other infections
• to prevent the spread don’t share needles, use barrier methods of contraception or abstain from sex

Question 11

name everything you need to know about TMV

Answer 11

• tobacco mosaic virus is a viral disease
• symptoms include mosaic pattern of discolouration on the leaves which affects the growth of the plant due to a lack of photosynthesis
• spread by direct contact or vectors
  to prevent the spread, cut off diseased leaves or burn the infected leaves

Question 12

name everything you need to know about salmonella

Answer 12

• bacterial disease
• symptoms include fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea
• spread by bacteria ingested in food or on food prepared in unhygienic conditions
• in the UK, poultry are vaccinated against salmonella to control the spread
• to prevent the spread, avoid cross contamination, thoroughly cook meat, poultry and eggs
• wash hands after touching raw meat and using the bathroom

Question 13

name everything you need to know about gonorrhoea

Answer 13

• bacterial disease cured by antibiotics
• symptoms include thick yellow or green discharge and pain when urinating
• spread by sexual contact
• to prevent the spread, use barrier methods of contraception or abstain from having sex

Question 14

name everything you need to know about rose black spot

Answer 14

• fungal disease
• symptoms include purple or black spots on leaves, leaves drop early, stunted growth as photosynthesis is reduced
• spread by water or wind
• treated using fungicides
• to prevent the spread, remove/destroy affected leaves

Question 15

name everything you need to know about malaria

Answer 15

• caused by protists
• symptoms include recurrent episodes of fever
• spread by mosquitoes carrying malaria (a vector)
• to prevent, prevent mosquitoes from breeding, use mosquito nets to avoid being bitten

Question 16

name some human defence systems and how they act as a defence

Answer 16

• skin acts as a physical barrier
• hair
• tears have antibacterial enzymes and antibodies
• platelets in blood stop infection from entering through a cut
• phlegm contains mucus
• eyelashes and eye lids
• hairs and wax in ears
• mucus and hair in nose to stop pathogens entering
• stomach acids contain hydrochloric acid that destroys ingested microorganisms

Question 17

what do white blood cells do

Answer 17

• help defend the body against pathogens by:
• phagocytosis - white blood cells engulf pathogens
• antibody production - white blood cells have receptors which attach onto the antigens (proteins) on the pathogens
• antitoxin production - white blood cells neutralise the toxins produced by bacteria

Question 18

how do bacteria divide

Answer 18

binary fission

Question 19

how often do bacteria divide

Answer 19

as often as once every 20 minutes

Question 20

what conditions are needed for bacteria to divide

Answer 20

enough nutrients and a suitable temperature

Question 21

how do you work out the number of bacteria present after a certain number of divisions

Answer 21

original number x 2^number of divisions

Question 22

why are magnesium ions needed in plants

Answer 22

to make chlorophyll
therefore a lack of magnesium results in chlorosis

Question 23

why are nitrate ions needed in plants

Answer 23

needed for photosynthesis and therefore growth so a deficiency in nitrates causes stunted growth

Question 24

what are common symptoms of plant disease

Answer 24

• stunted growth
• spots on leaves
• patches of decay
• abnormal growth
• malformed stems/leaves
• discolouration
• the presence of pests

Question 25

how can you identify plant diseases

Answer 25

• refer to a gardening manual or website
• take infected plants to a lab to identify the pathogen
• use testing kits that contain monoclonal antibodies

Question 26

what are some physical plant defences

Answer 26

• cellulose cell walls
• tough waxy cuticle on leaves
• layers of dead cells around stems (bark on trees) which fall off

Question 27

what are some chemical plant defences

Answer 27

• antibacterial chemicals
• poisons to deter herbivores

Question 28

what are some mechanical plant defences

Answer 28

• thorns and hairs to deter animals
• leaves which droop and curl when touched
• mimicry to trick animals