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GCSE Biology > B4 - organising animals and plants fact test > Flashcards

B4 - organising animals and plants fact test Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the blood

A

it’s a tissue
its main components are red and white blood cells, platelets and plasma

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2
Q

how are red blood cells specialised

A
  • no nucleus, making space for haemoglobin
  • packed with a red pigment called haemoglobin that binds to oxygen, so it moves from lungs to tissues
  • biconcave discs (pushed in on both sides) to increase surface area to volume ratio for diffusion
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3
Q

what are white blood cells

A
  • much larger than red blood cells
  • there are fewer of them and they have no nucleus
  • they form part of the body’s defence system against harmful microorganisms
  • lymphocytes form antibodies against microorganisms
  • some form antitoxins against poisons made by microorganisms
  • phagocytes engulf and digest bacteria and viruses
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4
Q

what are platelets

A
  • small fragments of cells
  • have no nucleus
  • help the blood clot and form a scab at the site of a wound
  • stops you bleeding to death
  • stops bacteria entering the body through the wound
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5
Q

what is plasma

A
  • yellow liquid
  • transfers all of your blood cells around the body
  • transports waste carbon dioxide, urea, glucose around the body
  • DO NOT CARRY OXYGEN
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6
Q

what are arteries and how are they specialised

A
  • thick layer of muscle and elastic fibres
  • small lumen
  • thick walls
  • arteries carry blood away from the heart to other organs
  • the blood came from the heart so it’s under pressure
  • the elastic allows the vessel to stretch without bursting
  • lots of muscle to prevent rupture
  • usually oxygenated blood
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7
Q

what are veins and how are they specialised

A
  • have a valve and large lumen
  • relatively thin walls
  • thin layer of muscle and elastic fibres
  • carry blood towards heart (so less pressure)
  • valves which open and close to prevent the backflow of blood
    thinner walls to prevent the backflow of blood
  • usually low in oxygen
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8
Q

what are capillaries and how are they specialised

A
  • walls are one cell thick
  • tiny vessel with a narrow lumen
  • tiny vessels linking veins and arteries
  • walls are one cell thick to allow substances to diffuse in and out
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9
Q

where does blood from the aorta go

A

heart to rest of the body

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10
Q

where does blood from the vena cava go

A

from body to heart

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11
Q

where does blood from the pulmonary artery go

A

heart to lungs

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12
Q

where does blood from the pulmonary vein go

A

lungs to heart

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13
Q

why is the muscle on the left side thicker than the muscle on the right side

A

the blood needs to be pumped further so it has a higher pressure, the muscle prevents rupture

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14
Q

where are pacemakers

A

a group of cells in the right atrium and they control the resting heart rate

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15
Q

what are coronary arteries

A

branch off the aorta and supply the heart muscle with glucose and oxygen which are needed for respiration to release energy

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16
Q

what are cardiovascular diseases

A

diseases of the heart of blood vessels

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17
Q

how do you treat coronary heart disease (coronary arteries becoming blocked by fatty deposits

A
  • stents can be fitted in narrow arteries to increase bloodflow through them
  • statins reduce the risk of fatty plaques breaking off from walls of your arteries
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18
Q

how do you treat heart failure

A
  • heart transplant
  • mechanical artificial heart whilst waiting for a donor
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19
Q

how do you treat damaged heart valves as they can break or not open properly

A
  • biological heart valves
  • mechanical heart valves
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20
Q

how do you treat an irregular heart rate

A

get an artificial pacemaker fitted

21
Q

what does the trachea do

A

carries oxygen in and carbon dioxide out

22
Q

what do the intercostal muscles do

A

move the ribs up and out to provide surface area

23
Q

what do the alveoli do

A

where gas exchange happens

24
Q

what does the diaphragm do

A

contracts and relaxes allowing a change in surface area / volume

25
Q

what are leaves

A

organs that work with the roots and stems in an organ system to transport substances

26
Q

what does the upper epidermis do

A

produces a waxy cuticle

27
Q

what does the lower epidermis do

A

has pores called stomata to enable gas exchange

28
Q

what do epidermal tissues do

A

cover the surfaces of the leaf

29
Q

what do guard cells do

A

specialised to control the opening and the closing of the stomata

30
Q

what does the palisade mesophyll do

A

contains palisade cells. it is adapted to absorb as much light as possible as it is the sight of photosynthesis

31
Q

what does the spongy mesophyll do

A

has air spaces to create large surface area for gas exchange

32
Q

what are the xylem and phloem

A

major transport tissues in plants, they are often found together in vascular bundles (the veins you can see in leaves)

33
Q

what is meristem tissue

A

it’s found at the tips of growing regions of plants and can differentiate into different types of plant cell

34
Q

what does the xylem do

A

transports water and dissolved mineral ions up from the roots to the leaves

35
Q

what is transpiration

A

transpiration is the loss of water from plants by evaporation from the leaves

36
Q

how does light affect the rate of transpiration

A

the lighter it is, the more transpiration occurs as the stomata have to allow carbon dioxide in and water out

37
Q

how does wind affect the rate of transpiration

A

more wind means the higher the concentration gradient because water is being carried away

38
Q

how does humidity affect the rate of transpiration

A

more humid conditions mean less transpiration because less of a concentration gradient as there’s lots of water in the air

39
Q

how does temperature affect the rate of transpiration

A

the higher the temperature, the higher the transpiration due to transfer of kinetic energy

40
Q

why are some plants adapted with leaves reduced to spines

A

reduces surface area for transpiration

41
Q
A
42
Q

why are some plants adapted to have a reduced number of stomata

A

reduces the rate of transpiration

43
Q

why do plants have a waxy leaf cuticle

A

impermeable to water which stops evaporation

44
Q

why are some plants adapted to have rolled leaves, leaf hairs and stomata sunk in pits

A

traps moist air which increases humidity and reduces the diffusion of water vapour

45
Q

what does the phloem do

A

transports sugars and amino acids

46
Q

what is translocation

A

translocation is the movement of sugars and amino acids in all directions from the leaves to where they are needed in the plant

47
Q

what is a potometer

A

an instrument used to measure the rate of transpiration in plants

48
Q

how is a potometer used

A
  • there is a bubble in the capillary tube
  • a ruler is used to measure the distance the bubble moves
  • the further the bubble moves, the higher the rate of transpiration, and the less distance the bubble moves, the lower the rate of transpiration

GCSE Biology (49 decks)

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