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GCSE Biology > B11 - hormonal control fact test > Flashcards

B11 - hormonal control fact test Flashcards

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1
Q

what are hormones

A

hormones are chemical messengers, released by glands, which travel in the blood plasma to activate target cells

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2
Q

what are the 4 main conditions we need to keep constant

A
  • water
  • body temperature
  • blood glucose levels
  • ion levels
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3
Q

what is the name of

A

the endocrine system

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4
Q

what is the difference in speed between nerves and hormones

A

nerves are a fast action, hormones are a slow action

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5
Q

what is the difference in duration between nerves and hormones

A

nerves act for a short time, hormones act for a long time

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6
Q

what is the difference in impact between nerves and hormones

A

nerves act on a very precise area, hormones act in a more general way

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7
Q

what controls blood glucose concentration

A

the pancreas

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8
Q

when is insulin released

A

when blood glucose levels are too high

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9
Q

what is the function of insulin and how does it carry out its function

A

its function is to reduce blood glucose levels
it does this bye:
- causing glucose to move from the blood into cells to be used for respiration
- converting glucose into glucagon to be stored in the liver and muscles

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10
Q

what is the function of glucagon and how does it carry out its function

A

its function is to raise blood glucose levels
it does this by:
- causing glycogen from the liver to be broken down and released into the blood as glucose

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11
Q

when is glucagon released

A

when blood glucose levels are too high

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12
Q

how does diabetes type 1 occur

A

pancreas does not make enough (or any) insulin therefore blood glucose concentration is not controlled

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13
Q

what are some treatments for diabetes type 1

A
  • insulin injections
  • pancreas transplant
  • transplanting pancreatic cells
  • insulin-secreting cells from embryonic stem cells
  • mouse pancreas cells into insulin producing cells
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14
Q

how does type 2 diabetes occur

A

pancreas still makes insulin, maybe less than needed. cells stop responding properly to the insulin you make. more common in people who are older, obese and don’t do exercise

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15
Q

what are some treatments for type 2 diabetes

A
  • eating a balanced diet with controlled amounts of carbohydrates
  • losing weight
  • doing regular amounts of exercise
  • drugs help insulin work better on body cells
  • drugs help pancreas make more insulin
  • insulin injections
  • drugs help reduce the amount of glucose you absorb from your gut
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16
Q

when and where is adrenaline produced

A

produced in the adrenal glands in times of fear or stress

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17
Q

what changes does adrenaline cause

A

increases heart rate, therefore boosting delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain and muscles, preparing body for fight or flight

causes heart and breathing rate to increase, stored glycogen to be converted into glucose for respiration, pupils dilate to let in more light, mental awareness to increase, blood diverted away from digestive system to big muscles in limbs

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18
Q

when do adrenal glands stop producing adrenaline

A

once danger has passed, body returns to resting level

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19
Q

how do negative feedback loops work

A
  • if the level of something rises, control systems reduce it again
  • if the level of something falls, control systems raise it again
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20
Q

where is thyroxine secreted from

A

the thyroid gland

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21
Q

what happens when thyroxine levels increase

A

it is detected by receptors in the hypothalamus. this inhibits the release of TSH. this inhibits the release of thyroxine, so levels fall

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22
Q

what does thyroxine do

A

controls basal metabolic rate and plays an important role in growth and development

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23
Q

what happens when thyroxine levels fall

A

TSH levels rise, so thyroxine levels rise and return to normal

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24
Q

what are secondary sex characteristics in boys and girls

A
  • pubic hair grows
  • underarm hair grows
  • sexual organs grow and develop
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25
Q

what are secondary sex characteristics in boys only

A
  • voice breaks
  • hair grows on face
  • body becomes more muscular
  • testosterone is produced by testes, stimulates sperm production
26
Q

what are secondary sex characteristics in girls only

A
  • voice deepens slowly
  • hips get wider
  • breasts develop
  • oestrogen produced by ovaries, stimulates oestrogen production
27
Q

what is puberty

A

the stage where a child’s body develops into an adult’s body, these changes occur gradually

28
Q

what does FSH do

A

causes the maturation of the egg in the ovary, produced in the pituitary gland, stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen

29
Q

what does oestrogen do

A

causes the lining of the uterus to grow again, produced in the ovaries, stimulates production of LH and inhibits production of FSH

30
Q

what does LH do

A

resultes in ovulation, produced in the pituitary gland, produced as a result of oestrogen

31
Q

what does progesterone do

A

maintains the lining of the uterus and supports a pregnancy, produced in the ovaries, inhibits the release of FSH and LH

32
Q

what is the contraceptive pill

A

contains artificial oestrogen and progesterone, inhibits FSH production so no eggs mature

33
Q

what does the contraceptive injection do

A

releases progesterone into the bloodstream to prevent pregnancy, lasts for 13 weeks

34
Q

what does the implant do

A

small, flexible plastic rod placed under the skin, releases progesterone to prevent pregnancy, lasts 3 years

35
Q

what does the skin patch do

A

sticky patch releases hormones through skin

36
Q

what do condoms do

A

prevent sperm reaching egg and protect against STIs

37
Q

what do diaphragms do

A

prevent sperm from reaching egg

38
Q

what does an IUD do

A

prevents implantation of an embryo. small T-shaped plastic/copper device that releases copper into the womb which alters cervical mucus, making it harder for sperm to survive

39
Q

what do spermicides do

A

contraceptive substance that destroys sperm

40
Q

what is abstinence

A

don’t have intercourse

41
Q

surgical sterilisation

A

fallopian tubes are blocked, vasectomy

42
Q

what is infertility

A

is when a couple can’t conceive despite having regular, unprotected sex

43
Q

what are the 3 main types of treatment for infertility

A
  • medicines
  • surgical procedures
  • assisted conception (IVF)
44
Q

what hormones are given to women who do not make enough FSH

A
  • FSH to stimulate maturation of eggs
  • LH to trigger ovulation
45
Q

what is the process of IVF

A
  • woman is given FSH followed by LH to stimulate maturation and ovulation of eggs
  • eggs are collected and fertilised by sperm from dad in a lab
  • left to develop into embryos, when they are tiny balls of cells, one or two are inserted into the woman’s uterus
46
Q

what is the advantage of IVF

A

gives a woman a chance to have a child of her own

47
Q

what are the disadvantages of IVF

A
  • expensive for society (NHS) or individuals
  • use of fertility drugs have health risks for mother
  • emotionally and physically stressful
  • success rates are not high
  • can lead to multiple births, risk for mother and baby
  • embryos can be stored - ethical issues as to what if they aren’t wanted anymore
48
Q

what is phototropism

A

plants produce hormones to coordinate and control growth and responses to light

stems grow towards light and roots away from the light

49
Q

what is geotropism

A

plants produce hormones to coordinate and control growth and responses to gravity

stem grows away from force of gravity and roots grow towards force of gravity

50
Q

what are auxins

A

family of plant hormones that are mostly made in the tips of growing stems and roots (meristems)

51
Q

what do auxins do

A

control growth of plants by promoting cell division and causing elongation in plant cells

52
Q

what does a high concentration of auxins cause

A

cells in stems grow more and cells in roots grow less

53
Q

what effect does phototropism have on auxins

A

auxins gather on shaded side of plant

54
Q

what effect does geotropism have on auxins

A

auxins gather at the lowest part of the plant

55
Q

what do unequal distributions of auxin cause

A

growth

56
Q

why are giberellins needed

A

to initiate seed germination

57
Q

what does ethene do

A

controls cell division and ripening of fruits

58
Q

where are plant growth hormones used

A

agriculture and horticulture

59
Q

what are auxins used for

A
  • used as weed killers (makes plant grow so fast it dies)
  • used as rooting powders (helps roots develop quickly so plants will grow faster)
  • used for promoting growth in tissue culture (a technique used to grow whole new plants from a section of a parent plant)
60
Q

what is ethene used for

A

used in the food industry to control ripening of fruit during storage and transport

61
Q

what are giberellins used for

A

can be used to end seed dormancy, promote flowering and increase fruit size

GCSE Biology (49 decks)

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