B11 - hormonal control fact test

Question 1

what are hormones

Answer 1

hormones are chemical messengers, released by glands, which travel in the blood plasma to activate target cells

Question 2

what are the 4 main conditions we need to keep constant

Answer 2

• water
• body temperature
• blood glucose levels
• ion levels

Question 3

what is the name of

Answer 3

the endocrine system

Question 4

what is the difference in speed between nerves and hormones

Answer 4

nerves are a fast action, hormones are a slow action

Question 5

what is the difference in duration between nerves and hormones

Answer 5

nerves act for a short time, hormones act for a long time

Question 6

what is the difference in impact between nerves and hormones

Answer 6

nerves act on a very precise area, hormones act in a more general way

Question 7

what controls blood glucose concentration

Answer 7

the pancreas

Question 8

when is insulin released

Answer 8

when blood glucose levels are too high

Question 9

what is the function of insulin and how does it carry out its function

Answer 9

its function is to reduce blood glucose levels
it does this bye:
- causing glucose to move from the blood into cells to be used for respiration
- converting glucose into glucagon to be stored in the liver and muscles

Question 10

what is the function of glucagon and how does it carry out its function

Answer 10

its function is to raise blood glucose levels
it does this by:
- causing glycogen from the liver to be broken down and released into the blood as glucose

Question 11

when is glucagon released

Answer 11

when blood glucose levels are too high

Question 12

how does diabetes type 1 occur

Answer 12

pancreas does not make enough (or any) insulin therefore blood glucose concentration is not controlled

Question 13

what are some treatments for diabetes type 1

Answer 13

• insulin injections
• pancreas transplant
• transplanting pancreatic cells
• insulin-secreting cells from embryonic stem cells
• mouse pancreas cells into insulin producing cells

Question 14

how does type 2 diabetes occur

Answer 14

pancreas still makes insulin, maybe less than needed. cells stop responding properly to the insulin you make. more common in people who are older, obese and don’t do exercise

Question 15

what are some treatments for type 2 diabetes

Answer 15

• eating a balanced diet with controlled amounts of carbohydrates
• losing weight
• doing regular amounts of exercise
• drugs help insulin work better on body cells
• drugs help pancreas make more insulin
• insulin injections
• drugs help reduce the amount of glucose you absorb from your gut

Question 16

when and where is adrenaline produced

Answer 16

produced in the adrenal glands in times of fear or stress

Question 17

what changes does adrenaline cause

Answer 17

increases heart rate, therefore boosting delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain and muscles, preparing body for fight or flight

causes heart and breathing rate to increase, stored glycogen to be converted into glucose for respiration, pupils dilate to let in more light, mental awareness to increase, blood diverted away from digestive system to big muscles in limbs

Question 18

when do adrenal glands stop producing adrenaline

Answer 18

once danger has passed, body returns to resting level

Question 19

how do negative feedback loops work

Answer 19

• if the level of something rises, control systems reduce it again
• if the level of something falls, control systems raise it again

Question 20

where is thyroxine secreted from

Answer 20

the thyroid gland

Question 21

what happens when thyroxine levels increase

Answer 21

it is detected by receptors in the hypothalamus. this inhibits the release of TSH. this inhibits the release of thyroxine, so levels fall

Question 22

what does thyroxine do

Answer 22

controls basal metabolic rate and plays an important role in growth and development

Question 23

what happens when thyroxine levels fall

Answer 23

TSH levels rise, so thyroxine levels rise and return to normal

Question 24

what are secondary sex characteristics in boys and girls

Answer 24

• pubic hair grows
• underarm hair grows
• sexual organs grow and develop

Question 25

what are secondary sex characteristics in boys only

Answer 25

- voice breaks - hair grows on face - body becomes more muscular - testosterone is produced by testes, stimulates sperm production

Question 26

what are secondary sex characteristics in girls only

Answer 26

- voice deepens slowly - hips get wider - breasts develop - oestrogen produced by ovaries, stimulates oestrogen production

Question 27

what is puberty

Answer 27

the stage where a child's body develops into an adult's body, these changes occur gradually

Question 28

what does FSH do

Answer 28

causes the maturation of the egg in the ovary, produced in the pituitary gland, stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen

Question 29

what does oestrogen do

Answer 29

causes the lining of the uterus to grow again, produced in the ovaries, stimulates production of LH and inhibits production of FSH

Question 30

what does LH do

Answer 30

resultes in ovulation, produced in the pituitary gland, produced as a result of oestrogen

Question 31

what does progesterone do

Answer 31

maintains the lining of the uterus and supports a pregnancy, produced in the ovaries, inhibits the release of FSH and LH

Question 32

what is the contraceptive pill

Answer 32

contains artificial oestrogen and progesterone, inhibits FSH production so no eggs mature

Question 33

what does the contraceptive injection do

Answer 33

releases progesterone into the bloodstream to prevent pregnancy, lasts for 13 weeks

Question 34

what does the implant do

Answer 34

small, flexible plastic rod placed under the skin, releases progesterone to prevent pregnancy, lasts 3 years

Question 35

what does the skin patch do

Answer 35

sticky patch releases hormones through skin

Question 36

what do condoms do

Answer 36

prevent sperm reaching egg and protect against STIs

Question 37

what do diaphragms do

Answer 37

prevent sperm from reaching egg

Question 38

what does an IUD do

Answer 38

prevents implantation of an embryo. small T-shaped plastic/copper device that releases copper into the womb which alters cervical mucus, making it harder for sperm to survive

Question 39

what do spermicides do

Answer 39

contraceptive substance that destroys sperm

Question 40

what is abstinence

Answer 40

don't have intercourse

Question 41

surgical sterilisation

Answer 41

fallopian tubes are blocked, vasectomy

Question 42

what is infertility

Answer 42

is when a couple can't conceive despite having regular, unprotected sex

Question 43

what are the 3 main types of treatment for infertility

Answer 43

- medicines - surgical procedures - assisted conception (IVF)

Question 44

what hormones are given to women who do not make enough FSH

Answer 44

- FSH to stimulate maturation of eggs - LH to trigger ovulation

Question 45

what is the process of IVF

Answer 45

- woman is given FSH followed by LH to stimulate maturation and ovulation of eggs - eggs are collected and fertilised by sperm from dad in a lab - left to develop into embryos, when they are tiny balls of cells, one or two are inserted into the woman's uterus

Question 46

what is the advantage of IVF

Answer 46

gives a woman a chance to have a child of her own

Question 47

what are the disadvantages of IVF

Answer 47

- expensive for society (NHS) or individuals - use of fertility drugs have health risks for mother - emotionally and physically stressful - success rates are not high - can lead to multiple births, risk for mother and baby - embryos can be stored - ethical issues as to what if they aren't wanted anymore

Question 48

what is phototropism

Answer 48

plants produce hormones to coordinate and control growth and responses to light stems grow towards light and roots away from the light

Question 49

what is geotropism

Answer 49

plants produce hormones to coordinate and control growth and responses to gravity stem grows away from force of gravity and roots grow towards force of gravity

Question 50

what are auxins

Answer 50

family of plant hormones that are mostly made in the tips of growing stems and roots (meristems)

Question 51

what do auxins do

Answer 51

control growth of plants by promoting cell division and causing elongation in plant cells

Question 52

what does a high concentration of auxins cause

Answer 52

cells in stems grow more and cells in roots grow less

Question 53

what effect does phototropism have on auxins

Answer 53

auxins gather on shaded side of plant

Question 54

what effect does geotropism have on auxins

Answer 54

auxins gather at the lowest part of the plant

Question 55

what do unequal distributions of auxin cause

Answer 55

growth

Question 56

why are giberellins needed

Answer 56

to initiate seed germination

Question 57

what does ethene do

Answer 57

controls cell division and ripening of fruits

Question 58

where are plant growth hormones used

Answer 58

agriculture and horticulture

Question 59

what are auxins used for

Answer 59

- used as weed killers (makes plant grow so fast it dies) - used as rooting powders (helps roots develop quickly so plants will grow faster) - used for promoting growth in tissue culture (a technique used to grow whole new plants from a section of a parent plant)

Question 60

what is ethene used for

Answer 60

used in the food industry to control ripening of fruit during storage and transport

Question 61

what are giberellins used for

Answer 61

can be used to end seed dormancy, promote flowering and increase fruit size