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Biology > B2.7 > Flashcards

B2.7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of gamete?

A

Sex cell made in the reproductive organs e.g pollen, egg, sperm

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2
Q

What is the definition of homozygous?

A

When both of the alleles are the same

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3
Q

What is the definition of heterozygous?

A

When the two alleles are different

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4
Q

What is the definition of phenotype?

A

The physical appearance regarding a characteristic

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5
Q

What is the definition of genotype?

A

The genetic makeup of an individual regarding a particular characteristic
(The combination of alleles for a characteristic)

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6
Q

What is the definition of dominant?

A

Allele controls the characteristic if present on only one chromosome

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7
Q

What is the definition of recessive?

A

Allele controls the characteristic if present on both chromosomes

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8
Q

What are chromosomes made up of?

A

Large molecules of DNA

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9
Q

Where are chromosomes found?

A

In the nucleus of the body cells in pairs

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10
Q

What structure does DNA have?

A

A double helix structure

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11
Q

What’s a gene?

A

A small section of DNA

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12
Q

What are some characteristics, such as appearance, controlled by?

A

A single gene called monohybrid inheritance

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13
Q

What is an allele?

A

A form of the gene, which in Mendel’s experiment, controlled whether the pea was smooth or wrinkly

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14
Q

How many cells does mitosis produce?

A

2 cells for every 1 (1 set of division)

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15
Q

How many cells does meiosis produce?

A

4 cells for every 1 (2 sets of division)

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16
Q

What type of cell division do sex cells do?

A

Meiosis

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17
Q

What type of cell division do all body cells except sex cells do?

A

Mitosis

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18
Q

How many chromosomes does a cell divided through mitosis have?

A

46 chromosomes

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19
Q

How many chromosomes does a cell divided through meiosis have?

A

23 chromosomes

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20
Q

A combination of XX chromosomes will produce what gender baby?

A

Female

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21
Q

A combination of XY chromosomes will produce what gender baby?

A

Male

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22
Q

Where can stem cells be taken from?

A

~ The embryo

~ The umbilical chord

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23
Q

What are cells produced from mitosis used for?

A

~ Growth
~ Repair
~ Asexual reproduction

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24
Q

What are gametes?

A

Sex cells

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25
Q

What is a zygote?

A

A ball of cells containing the egg and sperm

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26
Q

What method of division does a zygote use?

A

Mitosis

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27
Q

What are social thoughts on testing on embryonic stem cells?

A

~ Could save lives
~ Could cure diseases
~ Save costs

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28
Q

What are ethical thoughts on testing on embryonic stem cells?

A

~ like killing humans

~ no right to interfere with lives (religious views)

29
Q

Why was Mendel’s work not discovered until after his death?

A

~ He was a monk

~ His work hadn’t been widely published

30
Q

What do genes carry?

A

The codes to build proteins

31
Q

How many types of bases are there on DNA strands?

A

4 types

32
Q

How many bases code for one type of amino acids?

A

3 bases (triplets) next to each other

33
Q

How many types of amino acids are there?

A

About 20

34
Q

What does the combination of the different amino acids make?

A

A protein

35
Q

What did Mendel do?

A

He cross-fertilised tall and short pea plants to see whether the peas produced contained the qualities of their parents

36
Q

What did Mendel find?

A

That there was a 3:1 ratio of tall to small pea plants, so he knew that there was a dominating factor

37
Q

How can stem cells be removed from adults?

A

From bone marrow

38
Q

Why is it seen as unethical to test on embryonic stem cells?

A

~ The embryo will be destroyed

~ People believe that the cells make up a human immediately after fertilisation

39
Q

What is there a risk of with embryonic stem cells?

A

Cancer

40
Q

Adult stem cells have been used to treat Leukaemia for how many years?

A

40

41
Q

What can adult stem cells treat?

A

~ Patients with nervous system disorders

~ Leukaemia

42
Q

Is cystic fibrosis caused by a dominant or recessive allele?

A

Recessive

43
Q

Is polydactyl caused by a dominant or recessive allele?

A

Dominant

44
Q

How many parents are needed to pass on cystic fibrosis?

A

2

45
Q

How many parents are needed to pass on polydactyl?

A

1

46
Q

What is the main symptom of cystic fibrosis?

A

A disorder of the cell membranes

47
Q

What is cystic fibrosis a disorder of?

A

Cell membranes

48
Q

What are the main symptoms of polydactyl?

A

Having extra fingers and toes

49
Q

What alleles do sufferers of cystic fibrosis have?

A

cc

50
Q

What alleles do sufferers of polydactyl have?

A

PP or Pp

51
Q

Can you be a carrier of cystic fibrosis?

A

Yes, and you can have no symptoms

Your alleles would be Cc

52
Q

Can you be a carrier of polydactyl?

A

No

53
Q

What did Mendel refer to genes as?

A

Inherited factors

54
Q

What do identical twins have the same of and why?

A

~ DNA

~ because they’re made from the same sperm and egg cells

55
Q

Why might DNA fingerprinting be used?

A

~ To identify mothers and fathers of babies

~ To identify criminals

56
Q

What do embryonic stem cells do?

A

Divide and specialise to become all the cells in the fully formed body

57
Q

What do adult stem cells do?

A

Divide to replace dead or damaged cells

58
Q

What are the two alleles of polydactyl?

A

Affected and unaffected

59
Q

What does cystic fibrosis affect?

A

~ Cell membranes
~ Pancreas (digestion of food)
~ Lungs (breathing, infections)

60
Q

How can you know if an embryo has certain conditions?

A

Embryo screening

61
Q

What are advantages of embryo screening?

A

~ Save lives
~ Eradicate diseases
~ Improve quality of life

62
Q

What are ethical thoughts on embryo screening?

A

~ Killing humans
~ Designer babies
~ Choosing gender

63
Q

What are economical thoughts on embryonic screening?

A

~ Save costs if children are born without conditions
~ Medical treatment will be reduced
~ Less drugs will need to be developed

64
Q

Many plant cells retain the ability to do what?

A

Differentiate throughout life

65
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Cells from human embryos and adult bone marrow

66
Q

What can stem cells be used to do?

A

Differentiate into many different types of cells e.g. Nerve cells

67
Q

Human stem cells have the ability to do what?

A

Develop into any kind of human cell

68
Q

Offspring produced by asexual reproduction contain the same what as their parents?

A

Same alleles

69
Q

What are 2 inherited disorders?

A

~ Polydactyly

~ Cystic fibrosis

Biology (21 decks)

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