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B2.7 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of gamete?

A

Sex cell made in the reproductive organs e.g pollen, egg, sperm

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2
Q

What is the definition of homozygous?

A

When both of the alleles are the same

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3
Q

What is the definition of heterozygous?

A

When the two alleles are different

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4
Q

What is the definition of phenotype?

A

The physical appearance regarding a characteristic

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5
Q

What is the definition of genotype?

A

The genetic makeup of an individual regarding a particular characteristic
(The combination of alleles for a characteristic)

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6
Q

What is the definition of dominant?

A

Allele controls the characteristic if present on only one chromosome

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7
Q

What is the definition of recessive?

A

Allele controls the characteristic if present on both chromosomes

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8
Q

What are chromosomes made up of?

A

Large molecules of DNA

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9
Q

Where are chromosomes found?

A

In the nucleus of the body cells in pairs

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10
Q

What structure does DNA have?

A

A double helix structure

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11
Q

What’s a gene?

A

A small section of DNA

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12
Q

What are some characteristics, such as appearance, controlled by?

A

A single gene called monohybrid inheritance

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13
Q

What is an allele?

A

A form of the gene, which in Mendel’s experiment, controlled whether the pea was smooth or wrinkly

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14
Q

How many cells does mitosis produce?

A

2 cells for every 1 (1 set of division)

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15
Q

How many cells does meiosis produce?

A

4 cells for every 1 (2 sets of division)

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16
Q

What type of cell division do sex cells do?

A

Meiosis

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17
Q

What type of cell division do all body cells except sex cells do?

A

Mitosis

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18
Q

How many chromosomes does a cell divided through mitosis have?

A

46 chromosomes

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19
Q

How many chromosomes does a cell divided through meiosis have?

A

23 chromosomes

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20
Q

A combination of XX chromosomes will produce what gender baby?

A

Female

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21
Q

A combination of XY chromosomes will produce what gender baby?

A

Male

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22
Q

Where can stem cells be taken from?

A

~ The embryo

~ The umbilical chord

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23
Q

What are cells produced from mitosis used for?

A

~ Growth
~ Repair
~ Asexual reproduction

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24
Q

What are gametes?

A

Sex cells

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25
What is a zygote?
A ball of cells containing the egg and sperm
26
What method of division does a zygote use?
Mitosis
27
What are social thoughts on testing on embryonic stem cells?
~ Could save lives ~ Could cure diseases ~ Save costs
28
What are ethical thoughts on testing on embryonic stem cells?
~ like killing humans | ~ no right to interfere with lives (religious views)
29
Why was Mendel's work not discovered until after his death?
~ He was a monk | ~ His work hadn't been widely published
30
What do genes carry?
The codes to build proteins
31
How many types of bases are there on DNA strands?
4 types
32
How many bases code for one type of amino acids?
3 bases (triplets) next to each other
33
How many types of amino acids are there?
About 20
34
What does the combination of the different amino acids make?
A protein
35
What did Mendel do?
He cross-fertilised tall and short pea plants to see whether the peas produced contained the qualities of their parents
36
What did Mendel find?
That there was a 3:1 ratio of tall to small pea plants, so he knew that there was a dominating factor
37
How can stem cells be removed from adults?
From bone marrow
38
Why is it seen as unethical to test on embryonic stem cells?
~ The embryo will be destroyed | ~ People believe that the cells make up a human immediately after fertilisation
39
What is there a risk of with embryonic stem cells?
Cancer
40
Adult stem cells have been used to treat Leukaemia for how many years?
40
41
What can adult stem cells treat?
~ Patients with nervous system disorders | ~ Leukaemia
42
Is cystic fibrosis caused by a dominant or recessive allele?
Recessive
43
Is polydactyl caused by a dominant or recessive allele?
Dominant
44
How many parents are needed to pass on cystic fibrosis?
2
45
How many parents are needed to pass on polydactyl?
1
46
What is the main symptom of cystic fibrosis?
A disorder of the cell membranes
47
What is cystic fibrosis a disorder of?
Cell membranes
48
What are the main symptoms of polydactyl?
Having extra fingers and toes
49
What alleles do sufferers of cystic fibrosis have?
cc
50
What alleles do sufferers of polydactyl have?
PP or Pp
51
Can you be a carrier of cystic fibrosis?
Yes, and you can have no symptoms | Your alleles would be Cc
52
Can you be a carrier of polydactyl?
No
53
What did Mendel refer to genes as?
Inherited factors
54
What do identical twins have the same of and why?
~ DNA | ~ because they're made from the same sperm and egg cells
55
Why might DNA fingerprinting be used?
~ To identify mothers and fathers of babies | ~ To identify criminals
56
What do embryonic stem cells do?
Divide and specialise to become all the cells in the fully formed body
57
What do adult stem cells do?
Divide to replace dead or damaged cells
58
What are the two alleles of polydactyl?
Affected and unaffected
59
What does cystic fibrosis affect?
~ Cell membranes ~ Pancreas (digestion of food) ~ Lungs (breathing, infections)
60
How can you know if an embryo has certain conditions?
Embryo screening
61
What are advantages of embryo screening?
~ Save lives ~ Eradicate diseases ~ Improve quality of life
62
What are ethical thoughts on embryo screening?
~ Killing humans ~ Designer babies ~ Choosing gender
63
What are economical thoughts on embryonic screening?
~ Save costs if children are born without conditions ~ Medical treatment will be reduced ~ Less drugs will need to be developed
64
Many plant cells retain the ability to do what?
Differentiate throughout life
65
What are stem cells?
Cells from human embryos and adult bone marrow
66
What can stem cells be used to do?
Differentiate into many different types of cells e.g. Nerve cells
67
Human stem cells have the ability to do what?
Develop into any kind of human cell
68
Offspring produced by asexual reproduction contain the same what as their parents?
Same alleles
69
What are 2 inherited disorders?
~ Polydactyly | ~ Cystic fibrosis

Biology (21 decks)

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