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Biology > B1.2 > Flashcards

B1.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the nervous systems job?

A

To detect stimuli because this allows us to coordinate behaviour

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2
Q

What is the definition of stimuli?

A

Changes in the environment, such as sound, temperature, light and smell

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3
Q

What receptors do eyes have?

A

Light receptors for sight (rods and cones that both have a cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus)

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4
Q

What receptors does the nose have?

A

Chemical receptors for smell

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5
Q

What receptors does the tongue have?

A

Chemical receptors for taste

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6
Q

What receptors does skin have?

A

Ones that are sensitive to touch, pressure, temperature and pain

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7
Q

What receptors do ears have?

A

Sound receptors and receptors that detect position to help balance

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8
Q

What is the central nervous system?

A

The brain and spinal chord

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9
Q

When receptors detect a change in the environment where do they send a message to?

A

The CNS as an impulse

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10
Q

If you touch something hot, what happens to make you move your hand?

(Check this with Dr E book)

A

Stimulus - receptor in sense organ - sensory neurone - relay neurone - spinal chord - motor neurone - effector (eg muscle) - response (eg move hand)

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11
Q

What are effectors?

A

A muscle or a gland

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12
Q

What are glands?

A

Parts of the body which release hormones or sometimes enzymes

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13
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A small gap between 2 neurones

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14
Q

What are reflexes?

A

Responses designed to protect you. Does NOT involve the brain.

Stimulus - sensory neurone - spinal chord - relay neurone - motor neurone - effector (e.g. Muscle) - response (e.g. Move hand)

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15
Q

If you aren’t eating or drinking how does your body raise your blood sugar?

A

A hormone will release glucose from stores in the body from the liver and the muscles

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16
Q

How can body temperature increase?

A

Exercise
Warm weather
Blood flowing as far as it can from the skin

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17
Q

How can body temperature decrease?

A

Sweating

Blood flowing closer to the skin to radiate heat

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18
Q

Why does the body require a temperature of 37 degrees Celsius?

A

Because the enzymes can’t work much above or below 37 degrees Celsius

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19
Q

What does homeostasis mean?

A

Controlling conditions and substances in the body

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20
Q

Why is water important in the body?

A

All chemical reactions happen in a watery environment, so reducing the amount of water limits the ability of those chemical reactions

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21
Q

How can water get into the body?

A

Drinking

Eating

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22
Q

How can water leave the body?

A

Breathing
Sweating
Urinating

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23
Q

How do ions get into the body?

A

Eating

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24
Q

How are ions lost from the body?

A

Sweating

Urinating

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25
Q

What are calcium ions used for?

A

Strengthening teeth and bones

26
Q

What are sodium and potassium ions used for?

A

Helping nerve cells to send messages

27
Q

How does blood sugar increase?

A

Eating

Drinking

28
Q

How does blood sugar decrease?

A

Exercise

Insulin (a hormone which helps to reduce blood sugar)

29
Q

What do hormones control in the body?

A

Blood sugar
Water levels
Release of eggs
Growth

30
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

Produces FSH

Produces LH

31
Q

What does FSH do?

A

Matures the egg

Produces oestrogen

32
Q

What does oestrogen do?

A

Thickens uterus lining
Switches off FSH
Produces LH

33
Q

What does LH do?

A

Releases the egg

Switches off oestrogen

34
Q

What happens on day 1-5 in the menstrual cycle?

A

Old egg is removed, uterus lining is thinned

35
Q

What happens on day 1-12 in the menstrual cycle?

A

New egg matures in ovaries

36
Q

What happens on day 12-16 in the menstrual cycle?

A

Egg is released from ovaries

37
Q

What happens on day 20-28 in the menstrual cycle?

A

Egg is in womb

38
Q

What is used to stop pregnancy?

A

Oral contraceptive

39
Q

What is used to encourage pregnancy?

A

IVF

40
Q

What was the problem with the first contraceptive pills made?

A

They caused lots of side effects including headaches and high blood pressure

41
Q

What do contraceptive pills today contain?

A

A lower dose of oestrogen with progesterone, or just progesterone

42
Q

What happens in IVF treatment?

A

~ Fertility drug given to woman containing FSH and LH, which releases eggs
~ Mature eggs removed and put in a glass petri-dish
~ Eggs fertilised with mans sperm, then the eggs grow into embryos (small balls of cells)
~ Embryos put back into the woman’s womb

43
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Ensure reactions in the body happen quick enough to keep us alive

44
Q

How do plants act towards light?

A

They grow in a direction so that they are in the sun (this is called phototropism)

45
Q

What is it called when shoots of plants grow up against gravity?

A

Negative geotropism / gravitotropism

46
Q

How do plants ensure they get enough moisture?

A

Their roots grow towards the force of gravity so they can get all the moisture deep underground

47
Q

What does the hormone auxin do in plants?

A

~ Encourages growth of shoots

~ Slows growth of roots

48
Q

What is the process of phototropism in shoots? (Growing towards light)

A

~ Auxin flows down shoots
~ When there is a source of light from a direction, the auxin moves away from that direction (which causes the shoot to bend towards the light)

49
Q

What does auxin do in the roots of a plant?

A

If a root is growing horizontally, the auxin will move to the bottom, which will slow the growth on that side and the root will bend downwards

50
Q

What can plant hormones by used for?

A

~ Encouraging cuttings to grow roots

~ Killing weeds

51
Q

What are neurones?

A

Specially adapted cells that can carry an electrical signal

52
Q

What are plants sensitive to?

A

~ Light
~ Moisture
~ Gravity

53
Q

What does auxin control?

A

~ Phototropism

~ Gravitropism (geotropism)

54
Q

Where is more stomata found?

A

More stomata is found on the lower surface of leaf than upper surface

55
Q

Where do plants mostly lose water vapour from?

A

Their leaves

56
Q

When conditions cause more evaporation in a plant?

A

Hot, dry and windy conditions

57
Q

What can the stomata do if plants lose water faster than it is replaced by?

A

The stomata can close to prevent wilting

58
Q

What is the size of stomata controlled by?

A

Guard cells

59
Q

What does the relay neurone do?

A

Sends a message from one nerve cell to another nerve cell

60
Q

Why is the hormone oestrogen used in contraceptive pills?

A

Because it inhibits FSH which stops the process of eggs maturing

Biology (21 decks)

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