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Biology > B1.1 > Flashcards

B1.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What do proteins do?

A

Build and repair tissues

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2
Q

What do carbohydrates do?

A

Give energy

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3
Q

What do fats do?

A

Store energy

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4
Q

What does water do?

A

Allows chemical reactions take place

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5
Q

What does fibre do?

A

Helps prevent constipation

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6
Q

What do vitamins and minerals do?

A

Help general health

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7
Q

What is metabolism affected by?

A

Exercise, genetics, muscle/fat proportion, gender

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8
Q

What can high cholesterol cause?

A

Blocked arteries which causes heart attacks

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9
Q

What’s the definition of metabolic rate?

A

The rate of chemical reactions carried out in cells

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10
Q

What does having type II diabetes mean and what’s it caused by?

A

You’re unable to control blood sugar as a result of insulin not working with the cells to take sugar from the blood. Linked to being overweight

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11
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Microorganisms that cause infectious diseases

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12
Q

What does bacteria do in the body?

A

Produces toxins

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13
Q

What do viruses do in the body?

A

Infect body cells then reproduce until the cell breaks

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14
Q

What can and can’t antibiotics kill?

A

Can kill bacteria but can’t kill viruses

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15
Q

What are the three ways that white blood cells can kill pathogens?

A

~ Engulfing the pathogens and then producing enzymes to break them down
~ Producing antitoxins which counteract the toxins
~ Producing specific antibodies to destroy a particular bacteria or virus

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16
Q

Why are vaccinations good for you?

A

They allow the white blood cells to remember the type of pathogen so that if your body catches it they can produce antibodies against them quicker

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17
Q

Why may we feel ill when we have bacterium or viruses inside us?

A

Because they reproduce rapidly inside the body and may produce toxins (poisons)

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18
Q

What chemical reactions take place in the body?

A

Proteinsynthesis and respiration

19
Q

How have many strains of bacteria developed resistance to antibiotics?

A

Due to natural selection

20
Q

What did Semmelweiss do?

A

He encouraged hand washing in hospitals in the 1850s because there was a higher number of childbed fever cases when medical students delivered babies after cutting up dead bodies

21
Q

Why is agar jelly used to grow microbes?

A

Because it contains nutrients that are designed to help grow bacteria

22
Q

What are the steps in growing microbes?

A
  1. Agar and petri-dish are sterilised (prevents contamination)
  2. Inoculating hoop is heated (kills bacteria on it)
  3. Cool inoculating hoop takes some of the microbes from the sample to the agar
  4. Lid is put on petri-dish and sealed (prevents other bacteria entering and contaminating)
  5. Incubated (heated) but not too hot (grows bacteria but prevents growing pathogens)
  6. Disinfectants are filled with sterile paper and put in the dish (tests which disinfectants kill the bacteria)
23
Q

What is metabolic rate?

A

The rate of chemical reactions carried out in cells

24
Q

Why is it so difficult to treat viral infections?

A

They reproduce within cells

25
Q

What is a healthy diet?

A

Eating the right amount of nutrients from different foods to suit individual needs

26
Q

What are some deficiency diseases?

A

~ Scurvy (vit C)
~ Anaemia (iron)
~ Rickets (vit D)
~ Beri Beri (vit B)

27
Q

What are the three main food groups?

A

~ Fats
~ Carbohydrates
~ Proteins

28
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

Amino acids

29
Q

What can not eating a balanced diet cause?

A

Malnutrition - being underweight or overweight

30
Q

What can not eating enough vitamins and minerals cause?

A

Deficiency diseases

31
Q

What happens if you consume more energy than you burn?

A

You will gain weight

32
Q

Why is it difficult to develop drugs that destroy viruses?

A

Because they can damage the body’s tissues

33
Q

What are 2 illnesses that bacteria cause?

A

Tetanus and Cholera

34
Q

What are 2 illnesses that viruses cause?

A

Colds and measles

35
Q

Why is it bad to take too many antibiotics?

A

It can allow strains of bacteria to develop resistance to antibiotics

36
Q

What is the name of a strain of bacteria that has developed resistance to antibiotics?

A

MRSA

37
Q

Why do scientists continually need to develop new antibiotics?

A

Because bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics by mutation and producing new resistant strains

38
Q

What happens if individual bacteria of a particular strain have natural resistance?

A

They will not be killed by the antibiotic and instead will survive and reproduce

39
Q

What is done nowadays to slow down the rate of development of resistant strains of bacteria?

A

Antibiotics are not used to treat non-serious infections like sore throats

40
Q

What do painkillers do?

A

Relieve the symptoms of a disease

41
Q

What is mutation?

A

A random change in the DNA which effects all the offspring from that bacteria. It causes antibiotic resistance

42
Q

Why may scientists grow microbes?

A

To investigate what antibiotics and disinfectants are needed to kill them

43
Q

When growing microbes, why is the agar and petri dish sterilised and sealed?

A

~ To prevent contamination, because you only want to grow one type of microorganism
~To prevent the microorganisms escaping

44
Q

What is the best temperature for microbes to grow at?

A

37 degrees Celsius (but in school they’re heated at 25 degrees, as 37 can grow pathogens)

Biology (21 decks)

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