Antidiabetic Drugs (M2) Flashcards
What pancreatic hormones function is storage and anabolic hormone?
insulin
What pancreatic hormones function is modulating appetite, gastric emptying, glucagon and insulin secretion?
amylin
What pancreatic hormones function is mobilizing glycogen stores?
glucagon
What pancreatic hormones function is inhibiting secretory cells?
somatostatin
What pancreatic hormones function is stimulating gastric acid secretion?
gastrin
What pancreatic hormones function is facilitating digestive processes?
pancreatic peptide
What are the causes of Type 3 Diabetes?
- pancreatectomy
- pancreatitis
- nonpancreatic diseases
- drug therapy
What is type 4 diabetes also called? 1. When does it occur? 2
- gestational diabetes
2. pregnancy (last trimester)
What stimulates the secretion of insulin?
- glucose and other sugars
- amino acids
- hormones
- glucagon
- glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide
- Cholecystokinin
- fatty acids
- beta adrenergic activity
- stimulatory drugs
What inhibits the secretion of insulin?
- insulin
- leptin
- alpha adrenergic activity
- chronically elevated glucose
- low concentrations of fatty acids
- inhibitory drugs
What is the mechanism of stimulated insulin release?
- hyperglycemia inc intracellular ATP
- close ATP-dependent potassium channels
- decrease potassium efflux
- depolarization of beta cell
- opening of voltage-gated calcium channels
- secretion of hormone
What percentage of insulin is degraded in the liver in normal conditions? 1. For diabetics? 2
- 60%
2. 40%
What do insulin receptors consist of?
two covalently linked heterodimers (alpha =extracellular, beta=transcellular)
What is the effect of insulin on all cells?
1/ storage of fat and glucose
2. cell growth
What is the effect of insulin on the liver?
- inhibit glycogenolysis
- inhibit fatty acid and amino acid conversion to keto acids
- inhibit AA to glucose
- promote glucose to glycogen
- inc triglyceride synth and VLDL formation
What is the effect of insulin on muscle?
- inc protein synth
- inc AA transport
- inc ribosomal protein synth
- inc glycogen synth
- inc glucose transport
- induces glycogen synthase and inhibit phosphorylase
What is the effect of insulin on adipose tissue?
- inc triglyceride storage
- lipoprotein lipase induced
- glucose transport into cell
What are the types of inhaled insulin?
techosphere insulin and Afrezza
What is the RBC avg survival time?
8-12 weeks
What is the equation for total daily insulin needed?
- weight in pounds divided by four
2. 0.55 x weight in kilograms
What are the two immunopathologies of insulin therapy (and which immunoglobulin involved)?
- Insulin allergy (IgE)
2. Immune insulin resistance (IgG)
What therapy for insulin is usually the staring point?
metformin
What are the metabolic effects of glucagon?
- inc cAMP
- catabolism of glycogen
- inc gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis
- raise blood glucose
What are the cardiac effects of glucagon?
- inotropic
2. chronotropic
