Anthrology

Question 1

Name the two types of joints.

Answer 1

Synarthroses & Diarthrosis (Synovial)

Question 2

What are the two sub-categories of Synarthroses joints?

Answer 2

Fibrous (solid mass of c.t. proper)
and
Cartilaginous (solid mass of cartilage)

Question 3

Diarthrosis

Answer 3

hollow sleeve of c.t. proper

Question 4

Fibrous Joints have three types:

Answer 4

interosseous membrane
syndesmosis (Gomphosis) (teeth in gums)
sutures (ie plane suture of skull

(SIS)

Question 5

Cartilaginous Joints

Answer 5

Synchondrosis (ie ribs to sternum)
Epiphysial Cartilage aka primary cartilaginous joint (ie between bone and articular cartilage)
Symphysis aka secondary cartilaginous joint (ie between vertebras of column)

Question 6

Briefly explain epiphyseal growth plate and bone growth

Answer 6

The growth plate (between the epiphysis and diaphysis) . On the epiphysis side of plate there is hyaline cartilage with chondrocytes. This is the inactive region.
BUT on the diaphysis side, the chondrocytes stack up in columns. As the chondrocytes replicate, the columns get longer and the chondrocytes enlarge. Cells distance from capillaries and they die. –clasts cleans up the dead cells, and -blasts come in with capillaries and build bone in it’s this graveyard.

(Essentially, bone growth is made possible by the growth and death of cartilage. It acts as a spacer pushing the epiphysis farther out and provides a framework for formation of bone on the end of the diaphysis)

Question 7

In Diarthrosis (Synovial Joints)
Capsule-- name the two layers
Meniscus- structure and fx

Answer 7

external layer: fibrous membrane
internal layer: synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid
Meniscus: crescent shaped fibrocartilage
Fx: absorbing shocks, allowing a better fit between bony surfaces

Question 8

(also part of diarthrosis joints)
Ligament
structure
fx

Answer 8

dense irregular or dense regular connective tissue structures that bind bone to bone.
fx: They stabilize joints and limit the range of motion at a joint.

Question 9

Other synovial structure:
synovial bursa
structure
distribution
fx

Answer 9

structure: saclike structures with fibrous membrane exterior and synovial membrane on the interior.
distribution: They are common around joints such as the shoulder and knee joints. (fyi: Tendon sheaths are tubelike bursae that wrap around tendons where there is considerable friction, such as in the wrist, fingers, ankles, and toes.)
fx: alleviate friction as soft tissues such as muscles, tendons rub against each other or neighboring bones. They are common around joints such as the shoulder and knee joints. Tendon sheaths are tubelike bursae that wrap around tendons where there is considerable friction, such as in the wrist, fingers, ankles, and toes.

Question 10

Other synovial accessory:
Synovial Sheath (tendon sheath)

Answer 10

(Modified bursa) tubelike bursae that wrap around tendons where there is considerable friction, such as in the wrist, fingers, ankles, and toes