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Mark's PEARLS > Anitimicrobials > Flashcards

Anitimicrobials Flashcards

1
Q

BacteriCIDAL Antibiotics

A

Very Finely Proficient At Murder

Vancomycin
Fluoroquinolones
Penicillins
Aminoglycosides
Metronidazole
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2
Q

BacterioSTATIC Antibiotics

A

we’re ECSTaTiC about bacteriostatics!

Erythromycin
Clindamycin
Sulfamethoxazole
Trimethoprim
Tetracycline
Chloramphenicol
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3
Q

Narrow spectrum penicillins

SE: hypersensitivity, GI upset

A

Penicillin V

Penicillin G

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4
Q

Penicillinase-resistant penicillins

SE: interstitial nephritis, neutropeniA

A

Methicillin

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5
Q

Extended spectrum penicillins

SE: pseudomembranous colitis

A

Ampicillin

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6
Q

Anti-pseudomonal penicillins

SE: hypertension, hypervolemia, and bleeding

A

Piperacillin

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7
Q

1st Generation cephalosporin

High bone penetration
surgical prophylaxis
greatest gram-positive coverage

SE: Hypersensitivity Reaction

A

Cefazolin

Cefadroxil
Cefazolin
Cephalotin
Cephapirin
Cephradine
Cephalexin
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8
Q

2nd generation cephalosporin

added gram negative coverage

SE: Disulfiram reaction

A 
Cefamandol
Cefoxitin
Cefuroxime
Cefaclor
Cefofetan
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9
Q

3rd generation ceohalosporin

Pseudomonas coverage
Commonly used as empiric therapy

SE: Disulfiram reaction

A

Cefoperazone (“ine” / “one”)
Ceftriaxone
Ceftazidime
Cefotaxime

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10
Q

Most efficacious cephalosporin for Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

Ceftazidime

3rd gen ceph

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11
Q

4th generation cephalosporin

broad spectrum activity

(gram positive & gram negative)

A

Ceftaroline

Cefepime

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12
Q

cephalosporin has the best penetrance to the BBB?

A

Ceftriaxone

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13
Q

Microbes covered by 1st Gen cephalosporins

A

Proteus mirabilis
Escherichia coli
Klebsiella pneumoniae

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14
Q

First Generation Cephalosporins

A 
Cefadroxil
Cefazolin
Cephalotin
Cephapirin
Cephradine
Cephalexin
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15
Q

Microbes covered by 2nd Gen ceohalosporins

A 
Haemophilus influenzae
Enterobacter aerogenes
Neisseria spp.
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Escherichia coli
Proteus mirabilis
Serratia marcescens
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16
Q

2nd Generation Ceohalosporins

A 
Cefamandole
Cefuroxime
Cefoxitin
Cefotetan
Cefaclor
Loracarbef
Cefprozil
Cefmetazole
Cefonicid
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17
Q

Cephalosporins causing Disulfiram reaction

A

Cefamandole
Cefmetazole
Cefotetan
Cefoperazone

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18
Q

3rd Generation Cephalosporins

A 
Cefetamet
Cefpodoxin
Cefoperazone
Cefixime
Ceftriaxone
Ceftazidime
Cefotaxime
Ceftizoxime
Ceftibuten
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19
Q

Anti-pseudomonal Cephalosporins

A

Ceftazidime
Cefepime
Cefoperazone

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20
Q

SILVER BULLET against gram negative bacteria
with anti-pseudomonal coverage

NO gram (+) coverage

A

Aztreonam

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21
Q

Beta lactamase inhibitor.

SE: Cholestatic jaundice

A

CAST

Clavulanic Acid
Avibactam
Sulbactam
Tazobactam

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22
Q

Drug of last resort, broad spectrum of activity

SE: CNS toxicity (confusion, encephalopathy, seizures)

A

Imipinem-Cilastatin

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23
Q

Treatment for MRSA

SE: Red man syndrome

A

Vancomycin

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24
Q

Which antibiotics are considered drug of last resort?

A

I AM Last Shot Victory

Imipinem
Amikacin
Meropenem
Linezolid
Streptogramins
Vancomycin
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25
Q

Protein synthesis:

Binds to 50s Subunit

SE: Aplastic anemia, gray baby syndrome

A

Chloramphenicol (static)

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26
Q

Protein synthesis:

Binds to 30s subunit

SE: tooth enamel discoloration, photosensitivity

A

Tetracycline (static)

MOA: blocks the attachment of T-RNA to acceptor site

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27
Q

Protein synthesis:

Binds to 50s subunit
DOC for Penicillin-allergic patients

SE: diarrhea, cholestatic jaundice

A

Erythromycin (static)

Macrolides

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28
Q

Protein synthesis:

Binds to 50s subunit
highest volume of distribution — single dose administration

A

Azithromycin

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29
Q

Protein synthesis:

Binds to 50s subunit
anaerobic coverage

SE: pseudomembranous colitis

A

Clindamycin

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30
Q

Protein synthesis:

Binds to 50s subunit, Vancomycin-resistance

A

Linezolid (static)

Streptogramin— no effect on CY P450

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31
Q

For anaerobic infections ABOVE the diaphragm

A

Clindamycin

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32
Q

For anaerobic infections BELOW the diaphragm

A

Metronidazole

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33
Q

Aminoglycosides:

Bactericidal
binds to 30s subunit
treatment of endocarditis

SE: nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity

A

Gentamicin

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34
Q

Aminoglycosides:

Treatment of ocular infections

A

Tobramycin

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35
Q

Aminoglycoside used for Tuberculosis

A

Streptomycin

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36
Q

Aminoglycosides:

For drug-resistant gonorrhea

A

Spectinomycin

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37
Q

Aminoglycosides:

widest spectrum of activity
pseudomonas coverage
narrow therapeutic window

A

Amikacin

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38
Q

Aminoglycoside used for the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy.

A

Neomycin

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39
Q

SULFONAMIDES:

Blocks dihydroPTEROATE SYNTHASE

A

Sulfamethoxazole (static)

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40
Q

SULFONAMIDES:

Blocks dihydroFOLATE reductase

A

Trimethophrim

41
Q

SULFONAMIDES:

Sequential blockade in folate synthesis
urinary tract infections

SE: hypersensitivity (SJS,TEN), kernicterus, hemolysis in patients with G6PD

42
Q

Sulfonamide used in treatment of burn infections

SE: neutropenia

A

Sulfadiazine

43
Q

2nd generation quinolone

treatment of urinary tract infections and GIT infections.

SE: tendinitis, tendon rupture

A

Ciprofloxacin

44
Q

3rd generation quinolone

treatment of pulmonary infections

A

Levofloxacin

45
Q

3rd generation quinolone

broad spectrum of activity
anaerobic coverage
treatment of ocular infections.

A

Moxifloxacin

46
Q

3rd generation quinolone

SE: Diabetes mellitus

A

Gatifloxacin

47
Q

3rd generation quinolone

SE: Cardiotoxicity

A

Grepafloxacin

48
Q

4th generation quinolone

SE: hepatotoxicity

A

Trovafloxacin

49
Q

Anaerobic and antiprotozoal coverage
treatment of urinary tract infections.

SE: Disulfiram reaction, metallic taste, neurotoxicity

A

Metronidazole

50
Q

Treatment of UTI

SE: pulmonary fibrosis

A

Nitrofurantoin

51
Q

ANTI-TB:

Cidal, inhibits mycolic acid synthesis

SE: neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, sideroblastic anemia, drug-induced lupus, potent CYP450 inhibitor

52
Q

ANTI-TB:

Cidal
inhibits DNA-dependent RNA Polymerase

SE: red orange urine, hepatotoxicity, CYP450 inducer

A

Rifampicin

53
Q

ANTI-TB:

Static
inhibits arabinoglactan synthesis

SE: visual dysfunction
(retrobulbar neuritis, color blindness)

A

Ethambutol

54
Q

ANTI-TB:

Static but cidal on actively dividing MTB

SE: hyperuricemia, hepatotoxicity (most)

A

Pyrazinamide

55
Q

ANTI-TB:

Cidal, binds to 30s, IM

SE: neurotoxicity, ototoxicity

A

Streptomycin

56
Q

Most active drug against M. Leprae, inhibits folate synthesis

SE: Methemoglobinemia, hemolysis in G6PD deficient patients

57
Q

ANTI-LEPROSY:

Inhibits DNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase

SE: red-orange urine
delays onset of dapsone resistance

A

Rifampicin

58
Q

ANTI-LEPROSY:

Phenazine dye
binds to guanine bases

SE: skin discoloration (red-orange)

A

Clofazimine ; cidal

59
Q

ANTI-FUNGAL:

Most efficacious anti-fungal drug
forms artificial pores
Binds to ergosterol to produce pores

SE: nephrotoxicity (RTA), infusion related reactions

A

Amphotericin B

60
Q

ANTI-FUNGAL:

Topical treatment of dermatophytosis and candidiasis

SE: gynecomastia, CYP450 inhibitor

A

Ketoconazole

61
Q

ANTI-FUNGAL:

DOC for treatment and secondary prophylaxis of Cryptococcal meningitis

A

Fluconazole

62
Q

ANTI-FUNGAL:

Interferes with fungal microtubules

SE: potent CYP450 inducer

A

Griseofulvin

63
Q

ANTI-FUNGAL:

Treatment of candidiasis (oropharyngeal, esophageal, vaginal)
swish and swallow or suppository preparations.

SE: Nephrotox hence topical only

64
Q

ANTI-VIRALS:

Treatment of HSV and VZV.
Requires activation by viral thymidine kinase

SE: Crystalluria

65
Q

ANTI-VIRALS:

Treatment of CMV.
Requires activation by viral thymidine kinase

A

Ganciclovir

66
Q

ANTI-VIRALS:

Treatment of HSV, VZV, and CMV
DOES NOT require viral thymidine kinase activation

A

Foscarnet
Cidofivir

Foscarnet: SE: HYPOcalcemia

67
Q

ANTI-VIRALS:

Prevents viral UNCOATING
influenza A coverage

SE: cerebellar dysfunction, livedo reticularis

A

Amantadine

68
Q

ANTI-VIRALS:

Neuramnidase inhibitor
DOC for influenza

A

Oseltamivir

69
Q

ANTI-VIRALS:

Treatment of Hepatitis B infection

A

Lamivudine

Entecavir

70
Q

ANTI-VIRALS:

Treatment of Hepatitis C and RSV infection

71
Q

ANTI-RETROVIRAL:

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)
(+) requires phosphorylation
PRIMARY drug for HIV
prevents vertical transmission of HIV

SE: lactic Acidosis

A

Zidovudine

72
Q

ANTI-RETROVIRAL:

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)

NO phosphorylation required

SE: Hepatotoxicity

A

Delavirdine

73
Q

ANTI-RETROVIRAL:

Protease inhibitor

SE: Fat redistribution Syndrome, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance

A

Ritonavir

NAVIR (never) tease a protease

74
Q

ANTI-RETROVIRAL:

Fusion inhibitor
Binds gp41 subunit

A

Enfuvirtide

75
Q

ANTI-RETROVIRAL:

Binding inhibitor
CCR5 antagonist

76
Q

ANTI-RETROVIRAL:

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)

A

Never Ever Deliver nucleoside

Nevirapine
Efavirenz
Etravirine
Delavirdine

77
Q

ANTI-MALARIAL:

Primary drug for malaria
prevents heme polymerization into hemozoin

SE: retinal damage (BOV) and hearing loss

A

Chloroquine

78
Q

ANTI-MALARIAL:

Chloroquine-resistance
severe malaria
DOC for pregnant patients with malaria

SE: hypoglycemia, Blackwater fever, cinchonism (headache, tinnitus, vertigo)

79
Q

ANTI-MALARIAL:

Eradication of hypnozoites of P. Vivax and ovale
Produces free radicals

A

Primaquine

80
Q

ANTI-MALARIAL:

Chemoprophylaxis (chloroquine-resistant areas)

A

Mefloquine

Malarone

81
Q

ANTI-MALARIAL:

Chemoprophylaxis
For multi drug resistant areas

A

Doxycycline

82
Q

ANTI-MALARIAL:

DOC in the Philippines (P. falciparum)

A

Co-Artem

ARTEMER

83
Q

ANTI-PROTOZOAL:

Asymptomatic cyst carriers of E. Hystolitica

A

Diloxanide furoate

84
Q

ANTI-PROTOZOAL:

DOC for Amebic dysentery, trichomoniasis, bacterial vaginosis.

SE: Disulfiram reaction

A

Metronidazole

85
Q

ANTI-PROTOZOAL:

DOC for Cryptosporidium parvum infection

A

Nitazoxanide

Alternative: Paromomycin

86
Q

ANTI-PROTOZOAL:

DOC for Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia

87
Q

ANTI-PROTOZOAL:

DOC for Toxoplasmosis

A

Pyrimethamine - Sulfadiazine

88
Q

ANTI-PROTOZOAL:

DOC for African sleeping sickness

A

Melarsoprol + Suramin

89
Q

ANTI-PROTOZOAL:

DOC for Chagas disease

A

Nifurtimox

90
Q

ANTI-PROTOZOAL:

DOC for Leishmaniasis

A

Sodium stibogluconate

91
Q

ANTI-HELMINTHS:

Inhibits helminthic microtubules, ovicidal
DOC for Whipworm (Trichuris tri)

A

Mebendazole

92
Q

ANTI-HELMINTHS:

Inhibits helminthic microtubules
BOTH ovicidal and larvicidal
DOC for hydatid disease (echinococcosis)

A

Albendazole

93
Q

ANTI-HELMINTHS:

DOC for Filaria and Loa loa

SE: filarial fever

94
Q

ANTI-HELMINTHS:

DOC for Strongyloides and onchocerca

SE: Mazzotti reaction

A

Ivermectin

95
Q

ANTI-HELMINTHS:

DOC for Enterobius

A

Pyrantel Pamoate

96
Q

ANTI-HELMINTHS:

DOC for trichinosis

A

Thiabendazole

97
Q

ANTI-HELMINTHS:

DOC for trematodes and cestodes EXCEPT echinococcosis (Albendazole)

A

Praziquantel

98
Q

ANTI-HELMINTHS:

Back-up drug to Praziquantel

A

Niclosamide

Mark's PEARLS (24 decks)

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