Anatomy

Question 1

what are the 3 parts of the brain stem (top to bottom)?

Answer 1

mid brain
pons
medulla oblongata

Question 2

thalmus+hypothalamus=?

Answer 2

diencephalon

Question 3

what joins the hypothalmus to the pituitary?

Answer 3

infundibulum

Question 4

where is the pituitary gland?

Answer 4

in pituitary fossa in sphenoid bone

Question 5

what does the pituitary fossa lie in?

Answer 5

sella turica

Question 6

what does the pituitary gland lie immediately inferior to?

Answer 6

optic chiasm

Question 7

what forms the optic chiasm?

Answer 7

the right and left optic nerves

Question 8

what is bitemporal hemianopia?

Answer 8

there is disrupted transmission of action potentials from nasal retina bilaterally

means patient loses ability to see structure in temporal side of visual field bilaterally

Question 9

what are the 2 surgical approaches to reaching the pituitary?

Answer 9

transcranial ( under frontal lobe)

transspherical (via nasal cavity and sphenoid sinus)

Question 10

what makes the roof of the nasal cavity?

Answer 10

cribiform plate of ethmoid bone

Question 11

what are the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 11

air filled spaces within the bone surrounding nasal cavities

Question 12

name the paranasal sinuses

Answer 12

frontal sinuses
maxillary sinuses
ethmoidal air spaces
sphenoid sinuses

Question 13

what is the tentorium cerebelli/

Answer 13

tough sheet of dura matter that “tents” over cerebellum

Question 14

what are the dural venous sinuses?

Answer 14

venous channels in dura matter that drain most of the blood from the cranial cavity into the internal jugular veins at the jugular foraminae

Question 15

what happens if optic chiasm is injured?

Answer 15

bitemporal hemianopia

Question 16

what happens if oculomotor nerve is injured?

Answer 16

problems with eye movements

dilated pupil

Question 17

what happens if trochlear nerve is injured?

Answer 17

problems with specific aye movements

Question 18

what happens if trigeminal nerve is injured?

Answer 18

difficulty chewing

sensory symptoms of face

Question 19

what happens id abducent nerve is injured?

Answer 19

problems with specific eye movements

Question 20

what happens id cavernous sinus is injured?

Answer 20

venous haemorrhage

Question 21

what happens if internal carotid is injured?

Answer 21

catastrophic haemorrhage

Question 22

what happens if dura matter is injured?

Answer 22

cerebrospinal fluid leak

Question 23

what does the thyroid gland consist of?

Answer 23

2 lobes and isthmus

Question 24

where do the lobes of the thyroid gland attach to?

Answer 24

lateral aspects of thyroid and cricoid cartilage

Question 25

how many parathyroid glands are there?

Answer 25

4- R+L superior and inferior

Question 26

what vertebral level do you find the thyroid at?

Answer 26

C7

Question 27

what muscles are located immediately deep to the skin within the superficial fascia of the neck?

Answer 27

platysma muscles

Question 28

what groups of muscles do the platysma muscles belong to?

Answer 28

muscles of facial expression

Question 29

what nerve innervates the platysma muscles

Answer 29

facial nerve- (CN 7)

Question 30

name the 4 fascial compartments of the neck

Answer 30

prevertebral investing deep 2 carotid sheaths pretracheal

Question 31

what arteries supply the thyroid gland?

Answer 31

inferior and superior thyroid arteries superior from external carotid

Question 32

describe the venous drainage from the thyroid gland?

Answer 32

right and left superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins

Question 33

what lymph nodes are around the thyroid gland? (4)

Answer 33

superior deep lymph nodes inferior deep lymph nodes pretracheal paratracheal nodes

Question 34

where does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve recur?

Answer 34

under arch of aorta

Question 35

where does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve recur?

Answer 35

under subclavian vein

Question 36

where/how is a thyroidectomy incision made?

Answer 36

"collar " incision | just superior to clavicles and jugular notche

Question 37

what does a unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve injury cause?

Answer 37

hoarseness weakness of voice weak cough

Question 38

what does a biilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve injury cause?

Answer 38

aphonia- cant produce sound