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Back up cards AAB > amt_chemistry_20240813223055 > Flashcards

amt_chemistry_20240813223055 Flashcards

1
Q

Protein soluble in water

A

albumin

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2
Q

What diff proteins from carb/lipid

A

nitrogen

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3
Q

conjugated protein

A

protein plus prosthetic grp

lipo, glyco/muco, nucleo

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4
Q

5 plasma proteins

A

albumin, alpha 1, alpha 2, beta, gamma

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5
Q

Primary protein structure

A

amino acids

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6
Q

Secondary protein structure

A

alpha helix, beta pleated sheets

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7
Q

Tertiary protein structure

A

3D

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8
Q

Quaternary protein structure

A

2+ polypeptide chains

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9
Q

Enzyme deficiency with decreased enzymes leading to buildup of ketoacids

inherited metabolic disorder involving leucine, isoleucine, and valine (a group of branch chain amino acids).

A

maple syrup disease

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10
Q

Aminoacidpathy caused by defiency in the enzyme to metabolize phenylalanine

mousy urine

A

Phenylketonuria, PKU

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11
Q

Aminoacidopathy due to enzyme deficiency due to lack of enzyme to break down tyrosine/phenylalanine leading to buildup of homo-gentistic acid

deficiency of a single enzyme called homogentisate 1,2 dioxygenase

urine turns a dark brownish-black color when exposed to air

A

Alkaptonuria

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12
Q

Cystinuria

Tyrosinemia

A

inherited metabolic,
excessive amount of undissolved cysteine, doesn’t get reabsorbed by kidney, kidney stones

Tyrosine/metabolites excreted in urine

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13
Q

Deficiency in enzyme needed to metabolize methionine

Increased levels of this amino causes stroke, CVD, alzheimers, osteoporesis, nutrional def

A

Homocystinuria

build up of methionine and homo-cysteine (metabolite of methionine)

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14
Q

4 causes of hypoproteinemia

A

Not getting/making enough:
malnutrition
liver disease(doesn’t make protein)

Protein loss:
burns(protein loss thru wound)
nephrotic syndrome(loss thru urine)

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15
Q

3 Causes of hyperproteinemia

A

dehydration
Multiple myeloma, Waldenstroms

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16
Q

5 immunoglobulin

A

G,A,M,E,D

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17
Q

4 measurements of TP…

TP g/dL…

A

Biuret
Dye binding
Kjeldahl
Refractometry

TP 6.4-8.3 g/dL

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18
Q

TP g/dL
albumin g/dL
microalbumin in urine mg/24hr

A

TP 6.4-8.3g/dL
Albumin 3.5-5 g/dL (about 60% of TP) rest is globulins

microalbumin 50-200 mg/24hr

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19
Q

Calculation of A/G ratio

A

Albumin/TP-albumin

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20
Q

Total protein method that reacts with >= 2 peptide bonds in proteins

A

Biuret

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21
Q

Biuret reaction for TP uses…
which forms what color complex

A

copper salts
which forms a purple color

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22
Q

What does a biuret reaction for total protein analysis depend on?

A

Peptide bonds
Under strongly alkaline conditions, Cu2+ ions form multivalent complexes with peptide bonds in proteins. The absorbance attributable to proteins is measured spectrophotometrically at 540 nm, and the biuret reaction reacts equally with all proteins and peptides longer than two amino acids

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23
Q

4 dyes in dye binding for TP

A

Bromophenol Blue
Coomassie brilliant blue

Ponceau S
Amido black

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24
Q

Reference method for TP, not used often

A

Kjeldahl

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25
Q

TP method that measures nitrogen

A

Kjeldahl

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26
Q

This reaction follows Beers law for a reasonable range of protein

Depends on presence of at least two peptide linkages

Is insensitive to low protein in urine…

A

Biuret reaction

Beers law:
concentration of analyte=
Abs unknown/Abs std x con std

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27
Q

3 things that can interfere with Biuret method for TP

A

hemoglobin, hemolysis and lipemia

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28
Q

Two dyes used in dye binding method for albumin

A

BCP less interference
BCG

Bromcresol

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29
Q

BCP/BCG is used in what method…
are used to determine…

A

Dye-binding method

for albumin

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30
Q

Principle of protein strip measurement called

pH

color change from,to…

Most sensitive to…

false pos seen in what pH..

A

protein error of indicators:
-indicatir is nonionized

pH 3.0

yellow to green: due to ion/union changing

Most sensitive to albumin

False pos: alkaline urine

*Not affected by bence Jones

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31
Q

Breakdown of protein turns to… liver converts it to

A

Gut bacteria make ammonia
Liver turns to urea

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32
Q

B2 microgobulin used as a marker for

A

reduced GFR

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33
Q

CSF protein
How many mg, What percent of plasma

A

15-45mg/dL, 1%

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34
Q

3 Methods for Urine/CSF protein, BAD acronym

A

Biuret
Acid: SSA precipitation
Dye: Coomassie brillant blue

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35
Q

Increased CSF protein in these 3

A

meningitis, tramatic tap, MS

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36
Q

Protein in Spina bifida

A

AFP
alpha fetoprotein

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37
Q

CEA stands for, is a

A

carcino-embryonic antigen

oncofetal antigen

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38
Q

CEA nonspecific for

A

colorectal carcinoma/colon cancer

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39
Q

AFP

A

alpha fetoprotein

tumor associated; secreted by fetal liver

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40
Q

Increased AFP 4 conditions

A

liver/heptocellular cancer

neural tube defects
(spina bifida)

ovarian
testicular cancer

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41
Q

Decreased AFP in

A

Down syndrome

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42
Q

HCG
Made by…
Has…

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

made by placenta after implantation by trophoblastic cells

alpha+beta subunits
NONcovalently bound
NONidentical

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43
Q

HCG seen in these two cancers

A

ovarian
testicular

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44
Q

PSA
Made by…
Seen in..

A

prostate specific antigen

made by prostatic epi cells

prostatic cancer

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45
Q

CA-125

A

ovarian cancer

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46
Q

CA19-9

A

pancreatic

GI, adenocarcinoma

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47
Q

CA15-3, 27.29

A

mestatic breast

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48
Q

Two markers in breast cancer

A

CA27-29, CA15-3

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49
Q

Thyroglobulin marker for

A

thyroid

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50
Q

All proteins carry a net…charge due to protein being a higher pH than its isoelectric point

and travel towards

A

net negative, anode

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51
Q

Fastest/smallest protein toward anode

A

albumin

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52
Q

Which globulin migrates to cathode due to electro/endosmosis

Several gels used routinely for protein electrophoresis attract positive ions from the buffer and form a positive ion cloud. This ion cloud moves in the opposite direction to the cathode. This phenomenon is called electroendosmosis or endosmosis.
The tension created by these oppositely moving ion clouds can affect the movement of sample macromolecules. The migration of some proteins can be slowed, some proteins can become immobile, and other proteins are pushed toward the cathode.

A

gamma

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53
Q

pH of electrophoresis

A

8.6

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54
Q

Anode

A

positively charged electrode

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55
Q

Cathode

A

negatively charged electrode

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56
Q

Protein in highest concentration and made in liver

% of plasma protein

A

Albumin
65%

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57
Q

Method of detection for albumin and reagents used

A

dye binding, bromcresol purple
methyl orange

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58
Q

Albumin function

A

transport/binds protein
osmotic pressure

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59
Q

Albumin decreased in these 3 things

A

malnutrition
liver disease

nephrotic syndrome/renal loss/kidney disease

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60
Q

Albumin increased in this

A

dehydration

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61
Q

Another name for prealbumin and used to assess…

A

trans-thy-retin

nutrional status

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62
Q

Liver makes these 4 globulins and RE/plasma cells make this

A

liver: albumin, alpha 1/2, beta

RE/plasma: gamma

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63
Q

two alpha 1 globulins

A

AAT: alpha1 antitrypsin

inhibits the neutrophil elastase activity in the lung and hence can protect it from proteolytic damage.

AFP: alpha fetoprotein

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64
Q

AAT
increased in… and ….
decreased causes this…

A

increased in acute phase/prego
(Action of Neutrophils cause AAT to try to keep it from damaging tissue)

decreased in emphysema
(Def means neutrophil byproducts are damaging tissue)

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65
Q

AFP
increased these 4…
decreased in…

A

increased in:
neural tube defects
liver cancer
ovarian/testicular

decreased in Downs

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66
Q

Globulin increased in acute inflamation

A

alpha 2

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67
Q

Large globulin made in liver, inhibits trypsin/pepsin/plasmin

nephrotic/kindey disease
diabetes

lupus
increased in prego

A

alpha 2 macroglobulin

Increased levels of alpha-2-macroglobulin are found in nephrotic syndrome when lower molecular weight proteins are lost, but alpha-2-macroglobulin is retained because of its large size. In patients with liver cirrhosis and diabetes, the levels are found to be elevated.

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68
Q

three alpha 2 globulins

A

alpha 2 macroglobulin
Haptoglobin
ceruplasmin

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69
Q

Alpha 2 globulin made in liver
acute phase reactant that binds hmg

A

Haptoglobin

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70
Q

haptoglobin increased/decreased in these two

A

increased in acute phases, nephrotic syndrome

(Increased α2-macroglobulin is seen in nephrotic syndrome due to increased synthesis and inability to pass through the glomerulus)

decreased in transfusion, hemolysis

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71
Q

Alpha2 globulin transports 65-90% copper, made in liver, acute phase reactant

A

Ceruloplasmin

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72
Q

Disease with decreased serum ceruloplasmin and decreased serum, increased urine copper. Increased storage of copper in organs/cornea

A

wilsons

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73
Q

Disease with decreased ceruloplasmin due to decreased absorption, decreased serum copper

A

Menkes

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74
Q

Ceruplasmin is a …. that transports…
increased in these two…
decreased in these two conditions…

A

glycoprotein that transports copper

increased in acute phase/inflammation, prego

decreased in Wilsons disease and Menkes

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75
Q

Beta globulins examples

A

Beta2 microglobulin
beta lipoprotein/LDL

transferrin
hemoplexin

complement
fibrinogen
CRP

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76
Q

Beta globulin that is a heme scavenger

A

hemopexin

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77
Q

Beta globulin that transports iron

A

transferrin

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78
Q

examples of glycoproteins

A

transferrin
ceruloplasmin

mucins
AFP

immunoglobulins, antibodies

FSH, LH, HCG, TSH

Fibrinogen

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79
Q

A non-glycoprotein that are temp sensitive proteins that precipitate from serum/plasma at temps lower than 37C (4C)

A

Cryoglobulin

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80
Q

Striated muscle/cardiac; increased in heart attack, muscle dystrophy, crush

A

myoglobin

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81
Q

complex of 3 proteins in striated/cardiac; muscle contration, most sensitive for heart attach

3 subunits

A

Troponin

TnI, TnT, TnC

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82
Q

Urine/CSF concentration first

Bence Jones in urine migrate to..
Prealbumin band seen in…

A

BJ to gamma region

Prealbumin in CSF

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83
Q

globulin increased
globulin decreased in viral hepatitis

A

gamma increased
albumin decreased

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84
Q

globulins increased…
globulin decreased…
maligment tumor

A

alpha 1/2 increased

albumin decreased

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85
Q

beta-gamma bridge,
broad gamma seen in

A

active cirrhosis/liver

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86
Q

M spike seen in

A

Monoclonal gammopathy

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87
Q

increased alpha 2/gamma ratio
Decreased albumin seen in

A

nephrotic syndrome

liver makes less albumin

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88
Q

Migration of globulins from anode to cathode and % of each…

A

albumin 65%, alpha1 2%,
alpha2 8%, beta 10%, gamma 15%

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89
Q

Polar hydrophillic and nonpoloar hydrophobic fatty acid chains; cell membranes are made of these

A

phospholipids

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90
Q

Examples of phospholipids

A

lecithin
sphingomyelin
PG(phosphatidyl glycerol)

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91
Q

Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids that activates inflammation

Stimultes clotting; also stimulates cervix to dialate and contractions

a group of lipids with hormone-like actions that your body makes primarily at sites of tissue damage or infection

A

PG
Prostaglandins

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92
Q

Transports lipids, classified w/ultracentrifugation

Protein part of lipoproteins/structural components…

A

transports lipids: lipoproteins

Protein part: Apoprotein

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93
Q

Order of lipids from heaviest to lighest

A

HDL, LDL, VLDL, Chylo

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94
Q

Alpha lipoprotein is…
Beta lipoprotein is…
Prebeta lipoprotein is…

Migration of liproteins from origin/cathode to anode

Influenced by size and charge/amt protein

A

alpha: HDL most protein, fastest
Beta: LDL
PreBeta: VLDL, bigger than LDL
Chylo: least protein, slowest

Origin to Anode:
Chylo, LDL, VLDL, HDL

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95
Q

Largest lipoprotein, carrier of exo Trig
Apoproteins associated with it

A

Chylomicron
ApoB-48

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96
Q

Exogenous/dietary lipids and it’s liproprotein/carrier

A

Triglycerides
chylomicrons

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97
Q

most artherogenic lipid causing CHD, mostly composed of cholesterol and transported to the heart

Third fastest to anode

A

LDL

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98
Q

Endogenous lipid made of mostly triglycerides

Second fastest to anode

A

VLDL

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99
Q

Lipid transports lipid out of liver, heaviest and smallest

A

HDL

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100
Q

primary form of lipid storage…
transported by these two…

A

triglycerides
exo/dietary: chylomicrons
endo:VLDL

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101
Q

Lipid made monstly in liver, manufacture/repair cell membranes, makes biles salts/vitD, precurosr to steroids….

two kinds:
transports to cells…
transports out of cells…

A

cholesterol

to: LDL
out of: HDL

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102
Q

% of Cholesterol made in liver…
% of Trig made in liver versus diet…

A

Cholesterol 85%
Trig 10% liver, 90 diet

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103
Q

Apoprotein B-100 are part of these two lipids

A

LDL, VLDL

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104
Q

Apoprotein A is part of this lipoprotein

A

HDL

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105
Q

Apoprotein B-48 is part of this lipoprotein

A

Chylo

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106
Q

LDL % carrries lipids

A

LDL % carrries lipids
60-70

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107
Q

HDL % carries lipid

A

HDL % carries lipid
20-35

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108
Q

VLDL % carries lipid

A

VLDL % carries lipid
5-12%

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109
Q

Major protein in HDL

A

Apolipoprotein A

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110
Q

Major protein in LDL/VLDL

A

Apolipoprotein B

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111
Q

Protein versus lipid density

A

protein more dense than lipid

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112
Q

Disease with very low HDL

A

Tangier

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113
Q

Method for cholesterol

purpose of saponification step

A

cholesterol oxidase

convert cholesterol esters to free cholesterol

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114
Q

Liebermann Burchard reaction used to determine

A

cholesterol

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115
Q

2 reagents used for color developemnt in Liebermann Burchard reaction for cholesterol

A

acetic anhydride
sulfuric acid

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116
Q

Lieberman has cholesterol
goes to a.a. and s.a.

A

Lieberman Burchard reaction for cholesterol

Reagents are:
Acetic
Anhydride

and

Sulfuric
Acid

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117
Q

Lipid w/3 fatty acids/glycerol
storage form
90% in diet, 10% liver
lipemia from chylomicrons

A

Trig

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118
Q

Enzyme method for triglycerides…
Hydrolyzes to…

A

Lipase hydrolyzes triglyceride to form glycerol

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119
Q

Fredewald calculation for LDL

A

TC- (TG/5+ HDL)

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120
Q

Friedwald calculation for VLDL

A

TG/5

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121
Q

Cannot used Friedwald calculation for LDL/VLDL if…

A

TG is >400mg/dL

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122
Q

Risk factors for CHD
age by genders
history of
bp, HDL
two conditions

A

> 45men, >55 women
family history of CHD
smoking
bp >120, HDL <40
D.mellitus, metabolic syndrome

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123
Q

Lipid goals
TC
Trig
LDL
HDL

A

TC <200
Trig <150
LDL<100

HDL>35

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124
Q

Condition where blood cholesterol is increased

A

hypothyroidism

Thyroid hormones help your liver process blood. When your thyroid hormone levels are low, your liver processes blood more slowly, which can lead to higher levels of cholesterol in your bloodstream

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125
Q

Examples of ….
lipid deposits in vascular/legs/arms
CAD, AMI, arteries
lipid in brain, stroke

A

atheriosclerosis

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126
Q

Disease with increased TC, LDL and decreased HDL

Calculate coronary risk index using these two parameters

Elevated beta liproprotein is what lipid and leads to which kind of disease

A

CHD

TC, HDL

LDL, cardiovascular

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127
Q

4 non protein nitrogen

A

urea, ammonia
uric acid
creatinine

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128
Q

non protein nitrogen increased in plasma in renal impairment called

A

azotemia

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129
Q

Best way to evaluate renal impairment and what is most common analyte to monitor it

A

GFR

creatinine

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130
Q

Creatinine clearance calc

based off the principle that creatinine passes into the ultrafiltrate

A

U creat/P creat x mL/1440

vol in mL, min/24hr

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131
Q

Correction for clerance by body surface area

A

creat clearx1.73/area

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132
Q

Used with eGFR to stage/monitor CKD

A

urine albumin

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133
Q

Made from creatine in muscle

A

Creatinine

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134
Q

Method for creatinine

reacts with

color formed

A

Jaffe

alkaline picrate

yellow-red

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135
Q

Rises more rapidly than serum creatinine in acute renal failure

A

BUN

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136
Q

BUN increased in these two things

A

renal impairment
high protein

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137
Q

diacetyl monoxime used in determining…by measuring…

can be used in untreated urine because…

A

BUN
urea

method isn’t measuring ammonia

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138
Q

Type of method for BUN that measures urea…
reagent that reacts with urea…

A

Colorimetric method

reacts with diacetyl monoxime

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139
Q

Enzymatic method for BUN uses….
which hydrolyzes…to…

A

urease

which hydrolyzes urea into ammonia

Unlike the colorimetric method using diacetyl monoxime used for BUN/urea

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140
Q

diacetyl monoxime-

urease-

A

diacetyl monoxime-
BUN/urea

urease-
BUN/ammonia

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141
Q

BUN mg/dL
Creatinine mg/dL

BUN/creatinine ratio

elevated creatinine will result in elevated BUN of how much

A

BUN 6-20mg/dL
Creatinine around 1mg/dL

10:1 to 20:1

BUN will be elevated

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142
Q

GFR marker made by nucleated cells

A

cystatin c

NOT c peptide

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143
Q

end product of purine metabolism from nuclei, allantoin

A

uric acid

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144
Q

The colorimetric method for uric acid is an alkaline oxidation where uric acid reduces…to…

A

phospho-tungistic acid to tungsten blue

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145
Q

phosphotungistic acid used in

A

uric acid

*Acid=uric acid

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146
Q

Uric acid NV mg/dL

A

2.6-7.2

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147
Q

Hyperuricemia causes

A

-gout

-leukemia/lymphoma (overproduction of new cells, more breakdown)

-Lesch-Nyhan
(The HGPRT deficiency causes a build-up of uric acid in all body fluids. The combination of increased synthesis and decreased utilization of purines leads to high levels of uric acid production.)

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148
Q

Disease where there is over production of uric acid that arent recycled; mostly males

The HGPRT deficiency causes a build-up of uric acid in all body fluids. The combination of increased synthesis and decreased utilization of purines leads to high levels of uric acid production.)

A

Lesch-Nyhan

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149
Q

Uric acid is measured by… at 290nm before/after treatment with…

A

UV absorption at 290
before/after treatment with uricase

Also use isotope dilution/MS

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150
Q

This is from bacterial action on contents of colon and metabolized by liver

A

ammonia

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151
Q

Analyte that is a prognostic indicator of liver failure

A

ammonia

not eliminated by kidneys

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152
Q

Increased ammonia in these 3 main reasons

A

liver disease
(cirrhosis, viral hep)

impaired renal
(increased urea,ammonia)

Reye’s Syndrome
Reye’s syndrome is a rare condition that happens in children after a viral infection or illness, especially if they took aspirin (salicylate) to treat their symptoms. Reye’s syndrome targets their brain, blood and liver.

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153
Q

Syndrome that leads to increased ammonia, mostly kids, previous virus, salicylate

A

Reyes

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154
Q

Bromphenol blue or GLDH used to measure

A

ammonia

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155
Q

Nessler used to detect

A

used to detect ammonina

potassium iodide plus
mercury iodide/chloride plus
sodium hydroxide in water

dirty brown precipitate

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156
Q

Disaccharide with 2 glucose

A

maltose

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157
Q

Disaccharide with 1 glucose, 1 galactose

A

lactose

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158
Q

disaccharide with 1 glucose, 1 fructose

A

sucrose

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159
Q

monosaccharide with 6 carbons

A

hexose

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160
Q

process that uses glucose for energy, changed to lactic acid for energy

A

glycolysis

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161
Q

process of glucose to glycogen

A

glycogenesis

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162
Q

process of glycogen to glucose

A

glycogenolysis

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163
Q

process of glucose from noncarb sources

A

gluconeogenesis

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164
Q

renal threshold for glucose

CSF glucose % of plasma

best anticoagulant

A

160-180mg/dL

CSF 60-65% of plasma

sodium flouride

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165
Q

Diabetes melliutus

plasma/OGTT
A1C

A

> 200mg/dL
=6.5%

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166
Q

Hypoglycemia mg/dL

A

70mg/dl

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167
Q

Hormones that regulate glucose

which one decreases?
all the rest increase

A

insulin, only one decreases

glucagon: alpha cells
Stomatostain: delta cells

epineph/cortisol
GH, ACTH
T3/T4(Thyroxine)

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168
Q

hormones made in pancreas:
alpha cells/increase or decrease
beta cells/increase or decrease
delta cells/increase or decrease

A

alpha: glucagon, increase
beta: insulin, decrease
delta: stomatostain, increase

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169
Q

peptide hormone made in beta cells and decreases blood glucose/goes into cells

A

insulin

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170
Q

steroid hormone that is a glucocorticoid, made in adrenal cortex, and increases blood glucose

A

cortisol

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171
Q

peptide hormone made in alpha cells, increases blood sugar by making glucose from glycogen

A

glucagon

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172
Q

hormone made in delta cells, inhibits secretion of insulin making more glucose in blood

A

stomatostain

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173
Q

hormone that is adrenaline, neurotransmitter and regulates glucose

A

epinephrine

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174
Q

glycogen storage disease

increased or decreased glucose

A

von Gierkes

decreased

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175
Q

diabetes where glucose is normal

A

insipidus

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176
Q

condition with tumor that results in increased insulin

increased or decreased glucose

A

insulinoma

decreased glucose

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177
Q

two conditions that increase glucose

Thyroid, adrenal cortex

A

hashimotos
(Hypothyroidism, which is caused by Hashimoto’s disease, decreases glucose absorption, leading to an accumulation of sugar. In turn, this accumulation of sugar causes more insulin to be produced to utilize excess glucose, eventually leading to insulin resistance.)

cushings(increased cortisol)

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178
Q

most employed automated method for glucose uses what two enzymes where there’s oxidation that forms a chromagen

contamination can happen with

A

glucose oxidase, peroxidase

contamination with catalase

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179
Q

Gold standard for glucose testing/higher specificity…

Two enzymes used….

Amount of… is proportional to glucose

Is read at…nm

A

Hexokinase method

Hexokinase, G6PD

NADH formed is proportional to glucose

340nm

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180
Q

hexokinase method:

what is reduced and measured?
measured at what nm?

A

NAD coenzyme reduced to NADH

measured at 340nm

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181
Q

Normal fasting blood glucose

A

70-110mg/dL

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182
Q

Test to confirm prenatal borderline blood glucose

A

3 hr GTT

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183
Q

HmgA1C binds to hmg and monitors long term diabetes/largest fraction of HbA

how long of picture of glucose?
Normal?
Diabetic?

A

2-3mth

Normal 4.0-6.0%
Diabetic 6.5%

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184
Q

How is the formation of HbA1c related to plasma glucose concentration?

A

Directly proportional

The rate at which a glucose molecule attaches to hemoglobin to form a ketoamine is directly proportional to the glucose concentration in the plasma.

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185
Q

Juvenille onset, insulin dependent, autoimmune destruction of beta cells
ketoacidosis

A

Type 1

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186
Q

adult onset, non insulin, insulin resistance, no ketoacidosis, obsesity

Which of the following is a non-insulin dependent diabetes, is characterized by insulin resistance and progressive hyperglycemia, and is called “adult-onset diabetes”?

A

Type 2

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187
Q

What is a byproduct of insulin and can differentiate between medication/exo insulin and what the body makes/endogenous insulin?

A

C-peptide

not cystatin(kidney)

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188
Q

Diabetes caused by placental lactogen inhibiting insulin

A

GDM
gestational diabetes mellitus

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189
Q

Measurement of light intensity, chemical rxn forms color and is absorbed at specific wavelenth

visible light 400-700, frequency inverse to wavelength, uses quartz cuvette for UV range

tungsten or deuterium

A

spectrophotometry

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190
Q

Filter used for QC of spectrophotometer and what it tests

A

holmium oxide
glass filter

wavelength accuracy

*Glass filter for spectrometry

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191
Q

Meaasurement of emission of color when element is burned

A

flame photometry

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192
Q

Measurement of light abosorption of electromagnetic radiation

A

atomic absorption spectrophotometry

Atomic=radiation
Absorption
Spectrometry=light

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193
Q

Atomic absorption measures using what light source

also uses monochormator, flame sample cell, PM tube

A

hollow cathod lamp

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194
Q

term that decreases fluorescent intensity of a substance

is a disadvantage of…

A

quenching
fluorometry

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195
Q

Measurement using electrode, ref electrode, liquid, potential diff between the two equals concentration

A

ISE

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196
Q

Measurement of light scattered by particles in a solution and measured at an angle, seen in ag-ab rxn…

Measurement of reduction in light transmission by particles in suspension ie proteins

A

scattered: nephelometry

reduced transmisson: turbidimetry

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197
Q

In immunoelectrophoresis there must be excess…
and a constant…. ……

A

excess antibody

constant trough distance

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198
Q

Used to separate volatile or able to volatile and to confirm toxicology
Is a reference for alcohol…

This is used to enhance sensitivity and specificity…

A

gas chromatography

MS(mass spectro)

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199
Q

Technique w/sorbent coated and solvent screens for drugs/urine
Uses Rf value

Rf value is…

A

TLC Thin layer chromatography

Rf= drug distance/solvent distance

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200
Q

Osmometry based off

measures

m-Osmol/kg

A

freezing point depression

measure osmolality of urine/serum
(dissolved particle in sln)

Tubular fnc

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201
Q

Hmg-Verdo-hmg

Plasma/store: biliverdin-iron-globin
Liver: bilirubin-albumin
Conjugataed: Bili diglucuronide

A

…

202
Q

Ehrlich, p-DMAB reagent measures

A

Urobilinogen

Increased in liver damage, hemolytic disease

Negative in bile duct obstruction

203
Q

p-DMAB stands for, used in the
…method for…

A

p-Di-Methyl-Amino-
Benzaldehyde

Ehrlich method for urobilnogen

204
Q

Color produced with Erlichs reagent w/porphobilinogen and urobilinogen

reagent used to distinguish the two

A

red/pink color

chloroform,
urobilinogen will be soluble

porphobilinogen will be insoluble and stay in aqueous phase

205
Q

Protein that carries unconjugated bilirubin..
Where is bilirubin conjugated…
Name of conjugated/direct bili…

A

albumin carries unconjugated
conjugated in liver
conjugated is bilirubin diglucuronide

206
Q

Jendrassik-Grof measures

uses
turns into

A

bilirubin

uses diazo-tized sulfanilic

turns into purple, measures green azobilirubin

Alkaline tartrate eliminates interference

207
Q

Bilirubin that is seen is not solube, thus not secreted in urine, cause of hemolytic trans rxn, prehaptic jaundice

A

indirect bili/unconjugated bili

208
Q

Bilirubin that is formed/converted in intestine

A

urobilinogen

209
Q

bilirubin that is oxidized/green in RE system

A

biliverdin

210
Q

oxidized form of urobilinogen excreted in
urine…
stool…

A

urobilin: urobilinogen goes to kidney; yellow
stercobilin: urobilinogen oxidized, brown stool

211
Q

Evelyn Malloy method used for…
Interference..

A

bilirubin
hemolysis

212
Q

Jaundice with increasd unconjugated and increased urine urinobilinogen

A

Prehepatic jaundice

213
Q

Disease where all bili is increased, bili/uro in urine

A

hepatic

214
Q

condition where unconjugated is normal, decreased uro, but increased conjugated bilirubin in urine

A

Posthepatic obstruction

215
Q

Have diff/mobility rates due to different aminos/structure

Different Electrophoretic property

Different rxns

Same substrate

A

Isoenzyme

216
Q

Metals ions in enzymatic reactions act as

A

activators

217
Q

This contant determines rate of conversion of substrate to product by differing

substrate concentrations

and

rate of dissociation of complex
(Enzyme acting on substrate making product)

A

Michaelis-Menten

218
Q

Order rxn where large excess substrate allows for amt of enzyme activity to be limiting factor when all enzyme is bound to substrate

substrate: A reactant in a chemical reaction is called a substrate when acted upon by an enzyme.

A

zero order

219
Q

LD catalyzes lactate +NAD to… And…

A

pyruvate + NADH

220
Q

LD isoenzyme that migrates the fastest to anode and highest in heart/rbc (Most negatively charged)

A

LD1 HHHH

221
Q

LD isoenzyme in healthy, HHHM

A

LD2

222
Q

LD isoezyme that migrates the slowest (most positively charged)

A

LD5

223
Q

Increased in LD1,2,3

A

PA
pernicious anemia

224
Q

Enzyme greatly affected by hemolysis because its in all cells

A

LD

225
Q

CK increased in these 3: stress to muscles

A

heart attack
muscular dystrophy
exercise

226
Q

3 CK isoenzymes are dimers
Fastest to slowest

Brain faster than muscle

A

CKBB, CKMB, CKMM

227
Q

CK isoenzyme slowest, in skeletal muscle

A

CKMM

228
Q

CKMB sensitive for AMI

rises w/in…down in…

A

2-4hrs
2-4 days

229
Q

Most sensitive for AMI and two most used…
rise/fall…

A

Troponin
TnT,TnI
4-8hrs, 10 days

230
Q

LD rises, days last

A

rises 8-12hrs, 10-14 days

231
Q

Myoglobin rises, normal

A

30min, 24hrs

232
Q

condition can’t pump, fluids in lungs, cause CAD, BNP to diagnose

A

CHF

233
Q

Condition were lack of oxygen, ischemia, leads to CHF/angina/heart attack

Narrowing of the small blood vessels that supply blood and oxygen to the heart.

A

CHD

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is also called coronary artery disease

234
Q

3 conditions elevated AST

1 not elevated

A

acute heart
liver disease
muscular

not elevated in acute pancreatitis

235
Q

2 Liver enzymes not affected by hemolysis

A

ALT, GGT

236
Q

Increased ALP in 3 things in liver

A

obstruction of biliary tract/jaundice
acute viral hep
biliary cirosis

237
Q

ALP increased in these 3 bone disorders

increased in 1 random

A

Pagets:
overgrowth

osteomalacia:
soft bones, decreased D/Ca

Rickets: Vit d def

prego (increased in mom and baby’s bones)

238
Q

High ALP but no other liver increased

A

bone

239
Q

pH for ACP

increased in

A

5.0
acid

prostatic disease

240
Q

Enzyme in alcoholics, heptobiliary, obstructive jaundice, cirrhosis

A

GGT

241
Q

Enzyme in mumps and acute pancreatitits

enzyme most specific for pancreatittis

A

mumps: amylase
pancreatitis: lipase

242
Q

Cherry Crandall used to determine…

substrate…

A

lipase

olive oil

243
Q

Disease with highest level of aldolase

A

muscular dystrophy

Aldolase is necessary for glycolysis in muscle as a “rapid response” pathway for production of adenosine triphosphate, independent of tissue oxygen.

244
Q

Zollinger-Ellison is a… increased…

A

gastrinoma
gastrin HCl

245
Q

diacetyl monoxime used to determine

A

BUN

246
Q

phospho-tungistic acid to tungsten blue used to determine

A

Uric acid

247
Q

most uric acid in plasma is what form…

increased in…

A

monosodium urate

gout

248
Q

Kayser-Fleischer

A

Cooper deposits in cornea

249
Q

To evaluate ionized calcium you need to know these two things and why

A

pH and protein

ionized calcium is pH dependent;
ph will increase if CO2 is lost

Ca will increase with increased protein

250
Q

things that regulate calcium
2 increase/1 decrease

A

VitD/PTH: increase Ca

-VitD increases GI absorption of Ca
-low Ca will stimulate PTH production

Calcitonin: decrease Ca
-inhibits bone reabsorption

251
Q

Hypocalcemia causes

A

Tetany (decreased Ca,Mg)
VitD def, hypoPTH

hypo mag, albumin

Normally, the parathyroid glands release a hormone that increases blood calcium levels when they are low. Magnesium is required for the production and release of parathyroid hormone, so when magnesium is too low, insufficient parathyroid hormone is produced and blood calcium levels are also reduced (hypocalcemia).

252
Q

hypercalcemia

A

Vit excess, hyperPTH

Malignancy

253
Q

8-hydroxy-quinoline removes…

In determination of…

A

Mg

Ca

254
Q

In the complexometric titration for Ca, the pH is adjusted to prevent…

Complexometric titrations are used mainly to determine metal ions by use of complex-forming reactions.

A

complexometric titration:
pH is adjusted to prevent
interference from Mg
with 8-hydroxy-quinoline removes Mg

255
Q

Method for Ca where its precipitated as Ca oxalate and converted to oxalic acid w/sulfuric acid and measured by titration against K permanganate

A

Clark-Collip

precipitated as Ca oxalate and converted to oxalic acid w/sulfuric acid and measured by titration against K permanganate

256
Q

Clark-Collip measures…
it will be precipitated as…

A

Calcium
oxalate

257
Q

In determining calcium, lanthanum is used to

A

lanthanum binds phosphate

258
Q

Most phosphorus is in… at pH

A

bone 7.4

259
Q

Phosphorus is controlled by this and how does it affect it, opposite of Ca

A

PTH:
decreases Pho
increases Ca

260
Q

Affect on Phos
PTH
Calcitonin, Vit D

A

PTH decreased Pho

Calcitonin, Vit D increases phosphate

261
Q

Reagent used for phosphate

A

molybdate
molybdeum blue

262
Q

Hyperparathyroidism= increased PTH,
Phosphorus is

A

decreased

263
Q

Hypoparathyroidism= decreased PTH
Phosphorus…

A

increased

264
Q

Magnesium is controlled by kidney thru tubular reabsorption, what is renal threshold

A

1.5-2.1mg/dL

265
Q

Treatment for preeclampsia/contractions will result in what lab result to be increased

A

magnesium
hypermagnesemia

266
Q

Condition decreased iron/ferritin/% sat, increased transferrin/TIBC

A

IDA

267
Q

Reagent for magnesium

A

titan yellow

268
Q

2 Conditions with increased iron/ferritin/%sat and decreased transferrin/TIBC

A

sideroblastic and hemocromatosis

269
Q

trace metal involved in melanin, inorganic cofactor, bound to albumin, transported/bound mostly by ceruloplasmin

A

copper

270
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

A,D,E,K

271
Q

Water soluble vitamins

A

All B, C

272
Q

Fat soluble Retinol, cause of night blindness

A

A

273
Q

Fat soluble calciferol, hormone precursor, Rickets

A

D

274
Q

Fat soluble Tocopherol, antioxidant/immunity
Hemolytic anemia

A

E

275
Q

Fat soluble phylloquinine, for clots
hemmorage

A

K

276
Q

Water soluble B1
condition

A

thiamin
Beriberi

277
Q

water soluble riboflavin

A

B2

278
Q

water soluble B3, condition

A

niacin
pellegra

279
Q

water soluble pyridoxal

A

B6

280
Q

water soluble B7

A

Biotin

281
Q

water soluble B9, condition

A

folate

megaloblastic

282
Q

water soluble cobalamin, condition

A

B12
PA/IF

283
Q

cause of Scurvy

A

C

284
Q

Major extracellular cation…
NV…

A

Sodium 135-145

285
Q

Hormone that increases Na reabsorption and acts on distal convoluted tube

Released by adrenals

A

Aldosterone

286
Q

Hypoaldosterone Na

Hyperaldosterone Na

A

Hypo: decreased Na
Hyper: increased Na

287
Q

Normal values
Na
Cl

K

A

Na 135-145
Major extracellular cation

Cl 98-106
Major extracellular anion

K 3.5-5.0
Major intracellular cation

288
Q

BUN

Creatinine

A

BUN 6-20
Creatinine 0.7-1.5

289
Q

CO2/Bicarb

A

23-29

290
Q

Na 165
Cl 125
K 3.5

A

Saline contamination

291
Q

Diabetes mellitus
Fasting…
Nonfasting…
Glucose

A

126, 200

292
Q

Increased K causes

Phleb issues…
Tube additive…
Condition…

A

Hemolysis, tourniquet, squeezing

EDTA

Diabetic ketoacidosis

(Insulin promotes potassium entry into cells. When circulating insulin is lacking, as in diabetic ketoacidosis, potassium moves out of cells, thus raising plasma potassium levels even in the presence of total body potassium deficiency )

293
Q

Used to enhance sensitivity of ISE electrode for K

A

Valino-mycin

294
Q

Hypokalemia is less than

Hyperkalcemia greater than

A

Potassium

<3.5

> 5

295
Q

Chloride shift

A

Cl is inverse HCO3, when one leaves the other goes in

High Cl, low HCO3=metabolic acidosis

296
Q

Causes of increased Cl

A

IV
Dehydration

Metabolic/diabetic acidosis
(lose HCO3, chloride shift)

297
Q

Low Cl
4 things

A

Diarrhea, vomiting

Renal failure: not reabsorbed

metabolic alkalosis: excess bicarb, less CO2

298
Q

Chloride measured with titration methods such as
C.A. and S.S.

C.A. is…
S.S. is…

A

Coulometric amperometric

Schales-Schales

299
Q

Coulometric amperometric method uses a… Method
It’s is the…

Analyte measured…

A

Titration
Time needed to get to end pt

Chloride

300
Q

Schales-Schales is what kind of method…
For…
Violet color formed from reaction with…

A

Mercurimetric titration
Chloride
Excess Hg++

301
Q

C-A and S-S are both these kind of reactions…for…

A

Titration
Chloride

302
Q

Most CO2 in blood is

A

Bicarb

303
Q

Specimen Least ordered, not used for CO2

A

Urine

304
Q

Anion Gap, NV

A

Na+K-(Cl+HCO3)
10-20

305
Q

Increased anion Gap

A

Diabetic ketoacidosis
Lactic acidosis

Salicylate
Methanol
Ethanol
Poly glycol

Unmeasured

306
Q

Decreased anion Gap used as, due to

A

Analytical QC
Analyzer error

307
Q

Glass, Ag/AgCl, measures H for measurement of

A

pH

308
Q

Platinum+Ag/AgCl, amperometric measures

A

pO2

309
Q

Henderson Hasselbalch

A

pH= pKa + log [salt]|[acid]

[A base]|[HA acid]

pH=log HCO3/pCO2
pH=log kidney/lungs
pH=log metabolic/respiratory

310
Q

Bicarb: carbonic acid ratio in plasma

A

20:1

311
Q

Acidosis
Normal
Alkalosis

A

<7.38

7.35-7.45, around 7.4

> 7.42

312
Q

Metabolic acidosis: pH, HCO3 levels compensation

A

Decreased pH, HCO3
Lung: Hyperventilating releases CO2

313
Q

Metabolic alkalosis 2 parameters influenced, compensation

A

Increased pH, HCO3
Lung: Hypoventilation increases CO2

314
Q

Respiratory acidosis 2 parameters, compensation

A

Decreased pH,
Increased CO2
Kidneys: increase bicarb

315
Q

Respiratory alkalosis 2 parameters, compensation

A

Increased pH,
decreased pCO2
Kidneys compensate

316
Q

Beer-Lambert law

A

The Beer-Lambert law relates the concentration of a sample to the amount of light the sample absorbs as it passes through the sample.

317
Q

Synovial: joints, hyaluronic acid makes viscous, obtain by arthrocentesis

2 Synovial crystals/conditions

A

Uric acid: gout

Pyro-phosphate: pseudogout

318
Q

Amniotic fluid:
access neural tube defects/AFP

4 Fetal lung tests…

A

L/S: >2
PG
FLM 2
Lamellar

319
Q

Sweat:
Analyte
Condition, death cause

A

Cl
Cystic fibrosis, pneumonia

320
Q

Sperm:
mL, live%, motility %, #/mL

A

2-5mL
>75% alive
>50% motility
# 20-250 million/mL

321
Q

Decreased CSF glucose seen in

Increased CSF glucose seen in

A

Decreased CSF glucose:
Bacterial meningitis

Increased CSF glucose:
Diabetes

322
Q

CSF tube order/department

A

1 chem
2 micro
3 heme

323
Q

CSF protein mg/dL

A

15-45

324
Q

CSF glucose

A

60-70% plasma

325
Q

CSF diff

A

70% lymph
30% mono

326
Q

4 causes of increased CSF Protein

A

Meningitis
Intracranial hemorrhage
Traumatic tap
MS

327
Q

Decreased CSF TP seen in

A

Leak, tear

328
Q

Increased CSF IgG index and oligoclonal banding seen in…

A

MS
Multiple scelerosis

Oligoclonal bands are proteins called immunoglobulins. The presence of these proteins indicates inflammation of the central nervous system. The presence of oligoclonal bands may point to a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.

329
Q

Urine ph normal…
If left at rt becomes..

A

normal 6.0 (4.5-8)
alkaline at RT

330
Q

Normal urine volume:

poly>
olig <
noc
anuria

A

1200-1500

poly >2500
olig<500
noc: more at night
anuria: none

331
Q

left at RT, what
decreases…
increases…

False pos…

A

decreases:
glucose/ketones
bili/uro
cells/casts

increases:
nitrites/bacteria
turbidity(bacteria)
pH(amm)

False pos: protein

332
Q

3 things kidneys make

2 hormones that influence kidney

A

renin, erythropoeitin, PG

aldosterone, ADH

333
Q

Urine is made of 7 things

A

95% water

urea, uric acid, creatinine

Cl/Na/K

334
Q

Urine RBCs color

A

smoky, red/brown urine

335
Q

Urine bili/pyridum color

A

dark yellow/amber/orange

Phenazopyridine (Pyridium) is a dye that’s a red-orange color

336
Q

Met/Hmg and homogentistic acid urine color

A

brown black upon standing

337
Q

Reabsorbs H2O only…

Rebabsorbs solutes only…

A

H2O only Descening Loop

solutes only ascending loop

338
Q

Specific gravity NV…

increased in these 3
decreased in this

A

1.003-1.030

increased in:
-renal damage(isotheniuria 1.010)
-diabetes mellitus
-xray

decreased in diabetes insipidus

339
Q

3 methods to determine sg

A

refractometer
reagent strip

harmonic oscillation:
densitometry; current helps measure sg

340
Q

Urine strip protein method name…
ph…and can leach to the pH strip and …the pH
what protein it binds to…
color…
confirm with…

A

protein error of indicators

3.0 and can leach to the pH strip and lower the pH

albumin

sulf. acid precipitation

341
Q

How many neprons per kidney….
filtration ml/min

A

1 million
90-120mL/min

342
Q

Protein of indicators on dipstick description…

has nothing to do with…
not affected by…

What will cause false pos…

A

Most of the indicator is non-ionized.
The protein will combine with the non-ionized form and will change the ratio of ionized and nonionized

Has nothing to do with pH and not affected by bence jones

False pos due to alkaline/buffered urine

343
Q

Renal threshold for glucose
dipstick measures only glucose

two enzymes in rxn

A

160-180mg/dL

glucose oxidase, perioxidase

344
Q

Clinitest/Benedicts is a… …method for…
Can screen for…
but reacts with…

False neg with these two…

A

copper reduction method for glucose

screen for galctosemia
reacts with all reducing substances

false neg with Vit C and pass thru

345
Q

Occult blood on urine dipstick depends on

A

perioxidase activity of rbc/hmg

346
Q

Nitrite:
bacteria type…
2 names for rxn:

A

GNR (E.coli)

Diazo, Griess rxn

347
Q

RBC dipstick:
false neg with one vitamin and mistaken with 3 things…

false pos…

A

false neg: vitC
yeast, oil,
calcium oxalate crystals

false pos: oxidizing like bleach

348
Q

UTI, renal calculi, acute glomerulonephritis you’ll see these cells

A

RBCs

349
Q

reagent for LE, color

A

diazo reagent, purple

350
Q

Cell related to glitter cell, UTI/pyelonephritis…

type seen in UTI…

A

white

neutrophils

351
Q

Seen in diabetes mellitus, breakdown of lipids…
reagent…
color…

confirm with…

A

ketones

sodium nitroprusside
purple

Acetest (Acetoacetic/diacetic acid, acetone)

352
Q

Sodium nitroprusside used in determination of…on dipstick

A

ketones

353
Q

Acetest is used to confirm…
detects these two..

A

confirm ketones
diacetic acid, acetone

False pos: highly pigmented, levadopa

354
Q

Ictotest, Diazo rxn used for

A

Bilirubin

VitC false neg

Bike duct obstructions, liver, ciirhosis

355
Q

Reagent used in Erlich

A

p-DMAB

356
Q

Erlich, p-DMAB used in

A

Urobili

357
Q

Leukocyte in DILUTE HYPOTONIC urine where granules appear to move/Brownian Mvt

A

glitter cell

358
Q

Large epithelial seen in catherterization, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder

A

transitional

359
Q

Cell seen in tubular necrosis, renal tubles, oval fat bodies are made from

A

renal tubular

360
Q

glycoprotein made from TRE that makes up casts (two names)

A

Tamm horsfall mucoprotein

Uromodulin

361
Q

Cast are formed in what part of tubules

A

distal convoluted tubule

362
Q

Casts seen in chronic renal disease, urinary stasis

A

waxy

363
Q

cast seen in stress/exercise, normal

A

hyaline

364
Q

cast seen in nephron/acute glomerulonephritis

A

RBC

365
Q

Cast from dialated collecting ducts

A

broad

366
Q

cast seen in acute glomerulonephritis and is decomposition of cellular

A

granular

367
Q

cast from break down of epi casts/oval fat bodies, nephrotic syndrome

A

fatty

368
Q

cell in pyleonephritis

A

wbc

369
Q

4 urine parasites

A

T.vag
E.vermiculares (bread loaf ova)
strongy
S.haematobium

370
Q

5 abnormal crystals

A

Cysteine: 6 sides

Leucine: concentric circles
Tyrosine: needles

Bili: yellow/brown needles
Cholesterol: notched plates

371
Q

3 normal crystals in acidic urine

A

Uric acid: rhomboid/pleomorphic
amorphouse urates: pink sediment

Calcium oxalate: envelope/oval/dumbell,
*monohydrate form in antifreeze

372
Q

4 normal crystals in alkaline urine

A

amorphous phosphates
triople phosphate: coffin lid

calcium carbonate: dumbell
amm. biurate: thorny apple

373
Q

NV for… 50-200 mg/24hr

A

microalbumin

374
Q

AAT globulin

A

Alpha-1-antitrypsin
Alpha1 globulin

inhibits the neutrophil elastase activity in the lung and hence can protect it from proteolytic damage.

375
Q

Tangier low in

A

HDL

376
Q

Colorimetric method for BUN measures…uses…

Enzymatic method for BUN measures…uses…

Which one can be used for untreated urine, why

A

Colorimetric measures urea and uses diacetyl monoxime, can be used with untreated urine since it’s not measuring ammonia

Enzymatic measures ammonia and uses urease

377
Q

Hexokinase
Glucose method reduces this coenzyme…
To…
At…nm

A

NAD coenzyme is reduced to NADH and measured at 340nm

378
Q

diazo rxn/Jendrassik-Grof

A

Bilirubin

379
Q

Jendrassik-Grof and
Evelyn Malloy
measure

A

Bilirubin

380
Q

Jendrassik-Grof=
Bilirubin+Diazo (caffeine)=azobili

A

Jendrassik-Grof=
Bilirubin+Diazo (caffeine)=azobili

381
Q

Evelyn Malloy method uses…as an accelerator

Jendrassik-Grof uses…as an accelerator

Measures…

A

Evelyn Malloy method uses methanol as an accelerator

Jendrassik-Grof uses caffeine benzoate acetate as an accelerator

bilirubin

382
Q

LD1 HHHH
Fastest, marker for these two

A

heart/rbc

383
Q

sideroblastic and hemocromatosis

Iron,ferritin,%sat, transferrin/tibc high or low

A

increased iron/ferritin/%sat
decreased transferrin/TIBC

Sideroblastic anemia is a type of anemia that results from abnormal utilization of iron during erythropoiesis.

Hemochromatosis, or iron overload, is a condition in which your body stores too much iron. It’s often genetic.

384
Q

Pyrophosphate seen in

A

pseudogout

385
Q

Porter-Silber reaction uses phenylhydrazine to detect…

Zimmerman reaction detects…

A

PS=phenylhydrazine=
corticosteroids

Zimm=
17-KS/17-ketosteroids

386
Q

Phenlyhydrazine used to detect corticosteroids in what reaction

A

PS=Porter-Silber

387
Q

17-ketosteroids/17-KS is detected in what reaction…

Is a metabolite of…

A

Zimmerman

Zimmerman is a man that takes 17-KS/steroids

metabolite of androgens

388
Q

Porter and Zimmerman take steroids

A

…

389
Q

Hypothalmus makes releasing/inhibiting hormones that act on the pituitary

Pituitary then makes hormones that have their effects on organs that make the end product/action

A

…

390
Q

Primary caussed by…
secondary caused by…
tertiary caused by…

A

Primary…end organ
Secondary:pituitary
Tertiary: Hypothalamus

391
Q

Increased GH causes these two things
kids versus adults

Decreased GH causes

A

kids: giantism
adults: acromegaly

dwarfism

392
Q

Hormone that solely initiates and maintains lactation

A

prolactin

393
Q

increased prolactin cause of these two

A

Hypogonadism:
In hyperprolactinemia, which induces hypogonadism, the excess prolactin interferes with secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, resulting in decreased testosterone and erectile dysfunction.

and

prolactinoma
(pituitary tumor)

394
Q

menstral disorder and inadequate lactation due to

A

decreased prolactin

395
Q

Vasopression is also called

A

antidiuretic hormone

396
Q

ADH acts on…to increase…

decreased in…

A

acts on renal tubles to increase water reabsorption

diabetes insipidus

397
Q

Hormone that stimulates urterine contraction/myoepithelial cells in breast thus ejecting milk

A

oxytocin

398
Q

Hormone that forms male sex characteristics, spermatogensis, facial hair, deep voice, sex drive

A

testosterone

399
Q

Testosterone is made from…

A

cholesterol (as is a lot of steriods)

400
Q

hormones that stimulate sex organ development, linear growth, epiphyseal fusion

A

androgens

401
Q

infertility men/women

polycystic ovarian due to

adrenal hyperplasia:
A group of genetic conditions limiting hormone production in the adrenal glands.

A

hypertestosteronemia

402
Q

hypogonadism due to

A

hypotestosteronemia

403
Q

TRH, GRH, CRH GHRH
PIF, GHIH released by

A

hypothalamus

404
Q

GH, PRL, TSH, LH, FSH, ACTH released by the … …

A

anterior pituitary

405
Q

ADH, oxytocin released by

A

posterior pituitary

406
Q

Hormone that induces ovulation, prmotes ovary secretion of estrogens/progesterone for possible pregnancy and stimulates testes to produce testosterone

A

Luteinizing hormone

407
Q

GnRH,
gonadotropin-releasing hormone

stimulates this organ to produceb these 2 hormones… which affects these two organs

A

GnRH stimulates pituitary to make LH and FSH to affect ovaries or testes

408
Q

GHIH is also called

A

Somatostatin

409
Q

GHIH/Somatostatin

GHRH: growth hormone-releasing hormone

A

Somatostatin from the hypothalamus inhibits the pituitary gland’s secretion of growth hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone.

GHRH: growth hormone-releasing hormone

410
Q

Somatostatin inhibits the pituitary gland’s secretion of…and…

A

Somatostatin from the hypothalamus inhibits the pituitary gland’s secretion of GH and TSH

411
Q

FSH stimulates, secretion of
females:
males:

A

females: egg development, estrogen
males: sperm, testosterone

412
Q

hypothalmus makes CRH, Corticotrophin-releasing hormone

that act on pituitary to make ACTH,
Adrenocorticotropic hormone

this stimulates the adrenal cortex to make steroid hormones made from cholesterol

3 steroids made in adrenal cortex…

A

mineralcoritcoids(aldosterone)
glucocorticoids(cortisol)

sex hormones (androgens, estrogens)

413
Q

What converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I which converts to II and stimulates cortex to make aldosterone

A

Renin

414
Q

hormone that induces secretion of glucorticoids(cortisol) of adrenal cortex

A

ACTH
adreno-cortiotropic hormone

415
Q

CRH stimulates the…to make… which causes… to release cortisol, aldoseterone, estrogens and testosterone

A

CRH stimulates the pituitary to make ACTH

causing the adrenal cortex to make cortisol, aldosterone, estrogens/testosterone

416
Q

Mineralocorticoids, glucorticoids, and androgens released by

A

adrenal cortex

417
Q

aldosterone is an example of a…

maintains…and…
by retaining…and…
and excreting…

A

mineralocorticoid

maintains H2O and electrolytes by retaining water and Na and excreting K

418
Q

Cortisol is a type of

A

glucocorticoid

419
Q

Hyperadolsoterone, increased Na, decreased K, hypertension

A

Conns Disease

420
Q

Conns Disease has increased…and thus increased…
decreased…
leading to….due to increased…

A

has increased aldosterone and thus increased Na
Decreased K
leading to hypertenstion due to increased fluid retention

421
Q

Hypoaldosterone, decreased Na/Cl, decreased cortisol

everything down

A

Addisons Disease

422
Q

Increased cortisol, increased glucose, increased Na

buffalo hump

A

Cushings
everything up

423
Q

Testosterone is a type of

A

androgen

male sex hormone

424
Q

metabolite of androgen…
reaction used to detect…

A

17-ketosteroid, 17-KS

Zimmerman reaction

425
Q

3 types of catecholamines

purpose

A

epineph
norepi
dopamine

These hormones are released into the body in response to physical or emotionalstress.

426
Q

Two GI hormones

A

Gastrin
serotonin

427
Q

Hormone increased in Zollinger Ellison syndrome

A

gastrin

428
Q

Hormone made in GI, vascoconstricter of PLTs/brain/tissue

A

serotonin

429
Q

5HIAA is a urinary metabolite of…

increased in chromaffin cell tumors of GI, drugs, bananas, pineapples etc

A

serotonin

430
Q

Catecholamines produced in…by…

A

adrenal medulla

by chromaffin cells

431
Q

Metabolites of epineph

A

metanephrine, VMA

432
Q

Metabolites of norepineph

A

normetaneph,VMA

433
Q

Metabolites of dopamine

A

HVA

434
Q

Pheochromocytoma is a small vascular tumor of the adrenal medulla, causing irregular secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine, leading to attacks of raised blood pressure, palpitations, and headache

with increased…

A

VMA

435
Q

Pheochromocytoma is a small vascular tumor of the adrenal medulla, causing irregular secretion of…and…

metabolite is…

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

VMA

436
Q

Neuroblastoma is a childhood cancer that starts in immature nerve cells (neuroblasts)

with increased…

A

HVA

437
Q

Most of the releasing and inhibiting hormones (except for ACTH) are producted by the…

A

hypothalamus

438
Q

Thyroid hormones: stimulate metabolic processes

In tissues…is coverted to….

99.97% of…is bound to mosntly TBG, some TB-PA, albumin

99.5% of….is also bound

A

In tissues T4 is converted to T3

99.97% of T4 is bound to TBG

99.5% of T3 is bound

439
Q

TSH stimulates the … to make these two

A

thyroid, T3/T4

440
Q

3 things hormones made by thyroid

A

thyroxine/T4, triiodothyronine/T3

calcitonin

441
Q

Thyroxine/T4 and Triiodothyronine/T3 increases…

Calcitonin increases…

A

Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine: metabolism
Calcitonin: Ca reabsorbtion

442
Q

3 calcitropic hormones

A

PTH, VitD, calcitonin

443
Q

Low PTH lowers these two…
increases this…

A

Lowers serum Ca, D
Increases Phos

444
Q

TRH stimulates pituitary to release… which acts on…

A

TSH, acts on thyroid

445
Q

TSH stimulates thyroid to make…

A

T3,T4

446
Q

Free… stimulate negative feedback loop and inhibit secretion of…

A

Free T3/4 inhibit TSH

447
Q

primary Hyperparathyroidism also called…
symptoms

A

Graves

weight loss, heat, hair loss, anxious

448
Q

Graves is hyper or hypo…
T3/T4 levels…
TSH levels…

thyroid overproduces… due to… …

A

hyper: T3/T4
decreased TSH to stop production of T3/T4

Primary means thyroid overproduces T3/T4 due to TSH antibodies

449
Q

Primary Hypothyroidism is called…
symptoms

A

Hashimotos

weight gain, tired, cold

450
Q

Hashimotos is hyper or hypo…
T3/T4 levels…
TSH levels…

due to… …

A

hypo: T3/T4
increased TSH to decreased T3/T4 levels

Thyroid autoab

451
Q

Major binding protein for thyroxine/T4

How is it measured

A

TBG
thyroid binding globulin

By measuring T3 uptake (amount of TBG bound to thyroid hormones)

452
Q

3 good indicators for hypothyroidism

1 not good indicator

A

FT4, TT4, s-TSH (singles best)
Most is T4 not T3

not good T3 uptake (indirect, not used)

453
Q

Ovaries productes these two hormones

A

estrogen, estadiol

454
Q

hormone female sex charac, hyper=amenorrhea, hypo=menopause

A

Estrogen

455
Q

hormone that’s active form of estrogen, evaluates fetoplacental function

A

estadiol

456
Q

Progesterone made by the… … … and then by the…in pregnancy

A

ovarian corpus luteum and then placenta in pregnancy

Progesterone is also secreted by the ovarian corpus luteum during the first ten weeks of pregnancy, followed by the placenta in the later phase of pregnancy.

corpus luteum: yellowish mass of progesterone-secreting endocrine tissue that forms immediately after ovulation

457
Q

prepares uterus for prego, maintains endometrium lining, inhibits uterine contractions, prepares breasts for lactation

A

progesterone

458
Q

progesterone levels
perimenopause
postmenopause

A

peri: increased progesterone

post:decreased progesterone

459
Q

What hormone maintains progesterone in early pregnancy

A

HCG

460
Q

HCG increased/decreased…

A

increased: prego, mutiple pregos, tumors

decreased: spontaneous abortion

461
Q

HCG subunits are…

A

alpha, beta subunits

NON-covalently bound subunits
NONidentical

462
Q

subunit that cross reacts with LH,FSH,TSh

A

alpha

463
Q

subunit that has analytical specificity

A

beta

464
Q

Trimester with highest level of HCG…
When does it show up, how long does it last…

A

first

seen in days, peaks 2-3mths

465
Q

Toxicology, best specimen for screening/qualitative, best for quantitative

A

Urine-QL
Blood-QNT

466
Q

Creatitinine, pH, or oxidizing activity, dilute/substituted/adultered as a measure of

A

validity

467
Q

Major disadvantage of immunoassay drug detection…

best 2 ways to confirm for drugs that have positive screens…

A

Immunoassays can’t simultaneously assay multiple drugs in one specimen

gas chromatography/MS

468
Q

Aminoglycosides and Glycoprotein are two kinds of

A

antibiotics

469
Q

Kind of Glycoprotein/antibiotic
that inhibits.. ..synthesis of gram…

A

Vancomycin

inhibit cell wall synthesis, treat gp

470
Q

gentami/tobramy/amika/kana-cin are all…

they inhibit… … of gram…

A

aminoglycosides

inhibit protein synthesis, treat gn

471
Q

Monitor toxic range of antibiotics to prevent damage to…and…

A

hearing/ototoxic
kidneys/nephrotoxic

472
Q

Phenobarbital, phenytoin/dilantin
Valproic acid, Carbamazepine
ethosuximide are all

A

anti-epileptic/anti-convulsants

473
Q

Bronchodialator

asthma, IV/oral, 10-20ug/mL, toxic >20ug

A

Theophylline

active metabolite in neotates is caffeine, also caffeine given as a brochodilator

474
Q

Cyclosporine, Tacrolimus, Sirolimus,MPA
all are

A

immunosuppressive

475
Q

Methotrexate are all

A

antineoplastics/antitumor

476
Q

Cyanide, arsenic, mercury all are

A

heavy metals

477
Q

Substances/acute poisoning

A

acetaminophen-liver damage
salicylates
alcohols-ethanol,isopro,glycol

cyanide

carbon monoxide(carboxyhmg 200x infinity)

organophosphates/pesticide:
-CNS, decrease cholinesterase

478
Q

Must wait until…to TDM

how many half lives to reach…
how many half lives to clear…

metabolized by liver, excreted in urine

A

steady state

5.5

479
Q

Specimen drawn imme before next dose is called…

Peaks drawn…hrs

A

Trough

1-2hrs after oral dose

480
Q

AID:
Amtriphtyline, Imipramine, Doxepin

Lithium are all

A

pyschotropics

481
Q

Amtriphtyline, Imipramine, Doxepin are all

A

tricyclics

482
Q

Digoxin, Quinidine, Procainamide,
Disopyramide, Lidocaine all are

A

Antiarrythmics/cardiactive

483
Q

Increased alpha 2 in these two

A

Acute inflammation
nephrotic syndrome

484
Q

Tetany decreased in these two

A

Ca,Mg

485
Q

LD 4,5 related to

A

Liver disease

486
Q

Elevation in LD1/LD2 in a flipped pattern is related to

A

Myocardial infarction

487
Q

Increased total serum LD 4,5 related to

A

Acute viral hepatitis

488
Q

Increased LD 1,2 related to

A

Hemolytic anemia

489
Q

Gilbert, Crigler-Najjar and Dubin-Johnson syndromes all are issues with what analyte

A

Billirubin

490
Q

Syndrome that’s genetic liver disease, reduced glucuronyl transferase, thus increased bili

A

Gilbert syndrome

491
Q

Name of syndrome where there’s two types,

the type and name where there’s compete absence of glucuronyl transferase, severe unconjugated bili and kernicterus…

Type work decreased glucuronyl transferase, chronic increased bili

A

Crigler-Najjar Syndrome

Complete:Type 1

Decreased: Type 2

492
Q

Syndrome that’s genetic with defect in bilirubin transport across membrane, leads to dark pigment, porphyrin excretion

A

Dubin-Johnson syndrome

493
Q

Dubin-Johnson syndrome

A

Syndrome that’s genetic with defect in bilirubin transport across membrane, leads to dark pigment, porphyrin excretion

494
Q

2 Hepatitis fecal, oral

A

A, E

495
Q

3 Recent Hep B infection markers

A

HBsAg,HBeAg
Anti-HBc IgM

496
Q

DNA hep, with a core and envelope
BF, sex, IV drug

A

Hep B

B=body fluids

497
Q

RNA, blood-to-blood contact:
blood transfusion, needles, no vaccine
Development of cirrhosis

A

Hep c

C=cirrosis

498
Q

Hep that needs HBV, coinfection

A

Hep D

499
Q

Tetany caused by these two

A

(decreased Ca,Mg)

500
Q

2 Sex hormones…
Type of…
Made in…

A

Androgen: testestosterone
Estrogen: estradiol

Steroid
Made in adrenal cortex

Back up cards AAB (26 decks)

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