AABMicro2.7.24 Flashcards
TSA w/sheep blood, diff w/hemolysis, most nonfastidious bacteria
SBA Sheep blood agar
Isolation of Haemophilus and Neisseria, factors X &V, incubated at increased CO2But best for…Neisseria gonnerhea better on…
CHOC, chocolate agarBetter for HaemophilusBest for gonnerhea and meningitis is modified thayer martin
CHOC supplies which factors and is incubated with increased what?
X, V, increased CO2
colistin-nalidixic acid agar, CNAisolates…suppresses…
isolates GPsuppresses GN
PEAisolates for … and …inhibits
isolates GPC and anaerobic GNRinhibits enteric GNR
PEA
Phenyl ethyl alcohol agar
CNA
colistin-nalidixic acid agar
EMB
eosin methylene blue
EMB, isolates…inhibits….LF are … To … E.coli what kind of color…
isolates enteric GNRinhibits GPLF are green-black to purpleE.coli have a green metallic sheen
MACisolates…inhibits…LF color…
isolates enteric GNRinhibits GP
bile salts and crystal violet that inhibit most GP are in what medium
MAC
SMACsorbitol MacConkey isolates……doesn’t ferment sorbitol and are colorless
E.coli 0157:H7
4 medias for isolation of salmonella and shigella
SS, HE, XLD, GN
Hektoen enteric (HE) isolates these twoinhibits
Salmonella and shigellainhibits normal GI flora
XLD
xylose lysine deoxycholate
Cold loving, optimum temp 15C
psychrophiles
moderate temp, 37C most pathogenic organisms
mesophiles
heat loving, 50-60C
thermophiles
obligate anaerobes are harmed by
O2
Facultative anaerobes can grow…
with or w/out O2
microaerophiles prefer
lower O2
capnophiles prefer
higher CO2
Aerotolerant
do not need O2, and not hurt by it
Typical incubation CO2% temp/name of ideal temphumidity
5-10% CO235-37C/98.6F/optiumum50-70% humidity
Autoclave lbs, mins, temp
15lbs, 15min, 121C
QC for wet sterilization/autoclave
Bacillusstearothermophilus
Two halogens that are disinfectants
idoine and chlorine
Process that inactivates or inhibits microbes (not spores)and example
disinfectionBleach (1:10)
Process that kills all microbes including sporesand examples
sterilizationautoclaves
Penicillin
beta lactaminhibits cell wells
Gram neg anaerobe resistant to peniciilin
B.fragilis
Two antibiotics best indicators for poor disk storage
penicilin and methicillin
Vancomycin is drug of choice for these two microbes
C.difficile and MRSA
Vancomycin is a
glycopoeptide
Kirby-Bauer Method uses what agar
MHMueller-Hinton
McFarland is what concentration and how many organisms
0.510*8
MIC
minimum inhibitory concentrationlowest concentration that prevents growthfirst dilution w/no growth
MBC
minimum bacteristatic concentrationlowest concentration results in >99.9% killing
E-test
MIC on a stick
Modified Thayer-Martin good for these two
N.gonorrhea and N.meningitis
Thayer Martin media is what kind of agar
enriched chocolate
Difference between TM and Modified and what does modified inhibit
MTM has trimethroprim lactate which inhibits swarming of Proteus
Middlebrook 7H10 and Lowenstein-Jenson good forWhich one best for observing microscopically
MycobacteriumMiddlebrook 7H11
Species for QC of dry heat oven
B.subtilis
BBE good for
B.fragilisBacteroides Bile Esculin
CCFA Cycloserine-Cefoxitinfor
C.difficile
Regan-Lowe andBordet-Gengou for…which one preferred…
B.pertussisRegan-Lowe preferred
BCYEbuffered charcoal yeast extract for
Legionella
Cystine-Tellurite, Tinsdale and Loefflers Medium
C.diphtheriae
Never refridgerate these 3
CSF, anaerobic and GC
Blood culture preped with…draw before…dilution/ml
prep with alcohol, iodinedraw before fever spike1:10 dilution, 10mL
2 Stains for acid fast/mycobacteriabest of the two…
Kinyoun and Ziehl-NielsonKinyoun
Calcofluor white stains…KOH is used to…
stains yeast/fungiKOH breaks down debris and mucous
Gram stainprimary stain, decolorizer, mordant and counterstain
Crystal violetacohol/acetoneiodinesafranin
JEMBEC plates used to
transport and grow N.gonorrhoeae
Modified Thayer-Martin, Martin LewisNYC, GC-LECT,JEMBEC isolate
N.gonorrhoeae and meningitidis
Two species of enterobacteriaceae that are nonmotile
shigella and klebsiella
Species of enterobacteriaceae that is both motile and nonmotile at diff temps
Yersinia motile at 25/RT, not at 35
Two genuses that form spore
Bacillus and clostridium
Disinfectant for walls/floors that doesn’t kill spores/myco/noneveloped
quarternary ammoniums
Phenol
disinfectant, doesn’t kill spores
2% aqueous glutaraldehyde
used when items can’t be sterlized by heatcold sterlization
Sodium polyanethod sulfonate (SPS)
used to grow bacteria by preventing clotting, phagocytosis and bactericial effects
Urethral contamination of urine is greather than Squamous epis/hpf
10
Resistance to penicillin should be tested for
beta lactamase production
beta-lactamase test that uses nitrocefin and there is hydrolysis of the beta lactim ring resulting in red color
Chromogenic cephalosporin metodor Nitrocefin test
Tests beta lactamase w/penicillin-pheno red substrate leading to color change from red to yellow to penicilloic acid
Acidimetric method
Test for beta lactamase where betalactamse hydroyze penicillin G and reduce iodine, resulting in fading of blue to colorless
Iodometric method
Potassium tellurite used to id
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Potassium tellurite inhibits…color of C.diph
gp/gn nornal floragray black
Loeffler serum agar enhances these two things for C.diph
pleomorphism and metachromatic granules
Elek test detects toxin for
C.diph
TCBSthiosulfate citrate bile salts used for
Vibrio
2 kinds of alpha heme
s.pneumoviridians
3 kinds of beta heme
Group A, BL.mono
1 gamma heme
enterococci
GPC resistant to bacitracin
Staph
Cause of toxic shock and food poisoning
S.aureus
Staph that is nonheme and common cause of hospital aquired UTI
S.epi
staph that is mostly novobiocin sensitive
CNS
Antibiotic disk that diff between CNS and S.saproS.Sapro versus CNS susceptibility
NovobiocinAll CNS suspectible to Novobiocinexcept S.sapro is resistant
Strain of CNS that is resistant to novobiocin
S.sapro
Pigmented, high domed large GPC
micrococcus
Test that diff staph versus strep
catalase
Mannitol salt agar, MSA selects for
S.aureus, pos
90% of strep, cause of rheumatic fever, scarlet fever
Group A StrepS.pyogenes
Strep that is sensitive to BacitracinHow many units on disks
Group A strepS.pyogenes0.02-0.04
Strep NF of female genital and cause of neonatal issues
Group B strepS.agalactiaae
Diff Group A from B with what antibiotic…which one is which
BacitracinGroup A is sensitiveGroup B is resistant
Strep that is hippurate poss and CAMP pos (shows arrowhead)
group B strepS.agalactiae
beta Strep that is PYR pos
Grp A strep
Non heme strep that causes nosocomial UTI and hydrolyzes esculin
Group D Strepnonenterococci
two examples of Group D strep
S.bovis, S.gallolyticus
Used to be called strep, alpha/non heme, hydrolyzes esculin and grows in NaCL
enteroccouccus
Two oval GPC organisms that can cause nosocomial UTI, is in GI, and hydrolyze esculin
Group D and enterocccocci
What diff Group D and enterococci
Enterococcus grows in NaCl
GPC lancet shaped, alpha heme, encapsulated normal in uppper respiratory
S.pneumo
Strep that is sensitive to Optochin
S.pneumo
P disk is called
Optochin
Strep that is sensitive to optochin and is bile soluble
S.pneumo
2 Tests that diff S.pneumo from viridiansWhich one is pos for both
optochin and bile solubilityS.pneumo posviridians neg
Group F
microaerophillicS.milleri
GPC that has butterscotch odor
microaerophillics.milleri
Large GPC that are nonpatho, in environment/skin, pigmented and microdase pos
micrococcus
Antibiotic that will kill MRSA
Vancomycin
Two genera with GN dipplococci and oxidase pos
Neisseria, Moraxella
GNDC coffee bean shaped, oxidase pos,
Neisseria
GNDC that ferments glucose only
N.gonn
GNDC that is uppe respir, ferments both glucose and maltose
N.meningitidis
GNDC of upper respiratory in kids, ferments all glucose, maltose and lactose
N.lactamica
Organism that causes upper respiratory, otitis media, hockey puck colonies
M.cattarhalis
GNDC that is neg for sugars, DNase pos, butyrate esterase pos
M.catarrhalis
2 oxidase pos GNDC genera
N.mening,gonnM.catt
GNDC needs Co2, 48hrs to grow, ferments glucose only
N.gonn
N.mening transmitted by…seen mostly in…ferments these two sugars…
respiratory dropskidsglucose, maltose
These two test diff M.cat from Neisseria
DNase posbutyrate esterase pos
M.cat seen in…
resp infections
spore forming GP rods
bacillus
4 nonspore forming GP rods
CLENCorynebacteriumListeriaErysipelothrixNocardia
CLEN acronym for nonspore forming GP rods
CorynebacteriumListeriaErysipelothrixNocardia
Gram variable/pos with clue cells, bacterial vaginosis
Gardnerella vaginalis
GPR that appears as chinese letters and has metachromatic granules
Corynebaceriumdiphtheriae
Which medium will help enhance metachromic granules in C.diphtheriae
Loefflers
Which GPR has metachromatic granules on Loefflers
C. diphtheriae
Elek test tests for…in what organism
toxin productionC.diphtheriae
Ingrient in Tinsdale agar and color change due to its hydrolysisorganism diff on this
telluriteblackC.diphtheriae
GPR with tumbling motility/umbrella motility at RT
L.monocytogenes
GPR with test tube brush growth in gelatin and cause of occupational infections for fisherman etc
Erysipelothrixrhuiopathiae
GPR spores, ground glass
Bacillus
Bamboo shoots, medusa head
B.anthracis
Bacillus that causes food poisoning due to fried rice toxin
B.cereus
Most Bacillus are motile except for
B.anthracis
GPR on skin/mucous, club shaped
Corynebacterium
GPR grows on Loeffler, has metachromic granules, has TOX gene
Corynebacteriumdiphtheriae
GPR that is hospital acquired, most commonly isolated diphtheroid
C.jeikeium
GPR that can cause issues in newborns and food poisoning
L.mono
GPR causing skin/lung infections and has sulfur granules
Nocardia
Nocardia that causes skin infectionsq
N.brasiliensis
Nocardia that causes lung infections
N.asteroides
What diff L.mono fron diptheroids/corynebacterium
motility
Another name for metachromatic granules
Babes-Ernst granules
Potassium tellurite inhibits…
normal flora so that C..diph can grow
GP to Gvariable cocco bacillius that can be grown in cold enrichment
L.mono
Diptheroid that is NF in throat
C.pseudo-diphtheriticum
Two tests to diff L.mono from Corynebacteriumwhich one pos/neg
motility and salicinL.mono: motile, salicin +Cory: nonmotile, salicin -
What stain does mycobacteria use
acid fast, Kinyoun
NALC and NaOH do what for mycobacteria
NALC liquefyNaOH digest/decontaminate
Mycobacteria need to be incubated with…at…
with 5% CO2, at 35C
Two mediums for mycobacteria, which one clear and can examine microscopically
Middlebrook 7H11: clear plateLowenstein-Jensen: green slant
Tween 80 test diff and is pos inpos turns…neg is…
Myco kansasiipink/redamber
What can distinguish M.tb from others
Nitrate and niacin
Niacin and nitrate can differentiate these two mycobacteria
M.tbM.bovis
M.tb is nicacin/nitate…M.bovis is niacin/nitrate…
tb is posbovis is neg
Arylsulfatase test diff what genusArylsulfatase is an enzyme that splits free phenolphthalein from the tripotassium salt of phenolphthalein disulfite. The test for the identification of …. species is performed in a tube containing a substrate of phenolphthalein.
mycobacterium
3 stains for acid fast
KinyounZiehl-NeelsenFluorochrome
Primary stain, decolorizer, and counterstain in Kinyoun and Ziehl-Neelsen stains
Primary: carbolfuchsinDecolorizer: acid alcoholCounter: Methylene blue
Primary stain, decolorizer, and counterstain in Fluorochrome stain for acid fast
Primary: Auramine-rhodaminedecolorizer: acid alcoholCounter: potassium permanganate
Color of AFB on Kinyoun and Ziehl-Neelsen
red rods, blue backgroud
Which acid fast stain requires heat
Ziehl-Neelson
Which acid fast stain requires cold
Kinyoun
Diagnostic test and source for M.leprae
acid fast tissue
Hansens disease is also called
Leprosy
Macrophages w/acid fast bacilli
lepra cells
Lumpy jaw cause
A.israelii
Actinomyces israeli is ana or aero
anaerobic
GNR not NF, swimmers ear, Motile, grape like odorOxidase pos, cat pos
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
GNR bacterial diarrhea, seagulls, darting corkskrew motility
Campybacterjejuni
GNR ulcers, urea breath test
Helicobacter pylori
GNR TCBS, rice water stools, motile, comma shaped
Vibrio cholerae
GNCB upper respiratory, CHOC, can have capsules
H.influenze
Haemophilus pink eye
aegyptius
Haemophilus STD,chancroid, bipolar, schools of fish
ducreyi
Haemophilus that require both X and V
influenze, aegyptius
Haemophilus that requires only X (hemin)
ducreyi
H.parahaemolyticus and parainfluenzae requires which factor
V
GNR cause of trench fever, cat scratch disease
Bartonella
GNCB obligate intracellular parasiteinhalation; with undulant fever, unpasterized milk, animals, bioterrism
Brucella
GNCB tularemia/rabbit fever, level 3 pathogen
Francisella
GNR from air conditioners, Pontiact fever, BCYE (needs cytsteine)
Legionella
GNCB Pasterurella that is caused by bite/scratch, musty odor
multocida
Legionella that is brown on Feeley-Gorman iron cysteine agar
L.pneumophila
String test, positive result looks like
If the result is positive, the bacterial cells will be lysed by the sodium deoxycholate or Sodium taurocholate, the suspension will lose turbidity, and DNA will be released from the lysed cells causing the mixture to become viscous. A mucoid “string” is formed when an inoculating loop is drawn slowly away from the suspension.
String test diff these three genuses and also diff these two species
Vibrio spp. from Aeromonas spp. and Plesiomonas shigelloides.Vibrio cholerae (string test positive) from other Vibrio spp. (string test negative).
Vibrio that is yellow on TCBS, string test pos
Vibrio cholerae
Vibrios that are green on TCBS and cause bacteremia
parahemolyticus, vulnificus
The only Brucella that doesn’t grow on basic fuchin, grows on thionin
suis (pigs)
The only Brucella that needs CO2, also thionin neg
abortus (cow)
The only Brucella that doesn’t produce H2S
melentensis (goat)
Bordetella that is urease positive, oxidase positive
bronchiseptica
GN bipolar, plague, fleas/rats, safety pin
Yersenia pestis
HACEK all HACEK members are fastidious Gram-negative bacteria associated with infective endocarditis.Most HACEK are capnophilic, mouth flora, pathogenic in immunocompromised
HaemophilusActinobacillus/AggregatibacterCardiobacterium hominisEikenella corodensKingella kingae
Campylobacter is best in what atmospheric condition
obligate microaerophilliclikes chickens, 42C
obligate microaerophilliccurved GN rodgull wingedlikes monstly N
Campy
Campy gas mixture %O, CO2, N
85% N210% CO25% O2
curved GNR nonferment, microaerophillic, nitrate pos
C.jejuni
How to stain myco-plasma and urea-plasma
Dienes stainMycoplasma colonies can be identified by observing typical fried egg colonies on culture medium. Visualization is facilitated by application of Diene’s stain directly to the agar surface. Diene’s stain is a nonspecific stain that imparts a contrasting appearance to Mycoplasma colonies on agar. It allows easy visualization of colony morphology and characteristics.
Two genus of bacteria that are the smallest free living and have no cell wall
Myco-plasma and Urea-plasma
Cause of primary atypical pneumonia, walking pneumonia
M.pneumoniae
Which free living microbe has fried egg appearance
M.pneumoniea
How to stain and how to visiualize T.pallidum
silverdarkfield
Cause of syphilis
Treponoma pallidum
How is leptospira passed to humans
via animal urine
Borrelia that causes relapsing fever
B.reccurentis
Cause of Lyme diseasetransmitted by/vector
B.burgdorferiIxodes ticks
Chlamydiaceae, Rickettsia, Coxiella, and Ehrlichia all are
obligate intracellular parasites
Chlamydiaceae have no…in their cell walland are stained with…
peptidoglycanGiesma
Chlamydia species STD
trachomatis
Chlamydia with parrot fever
psittaci
Chlamydia ass. w/Guillian Barre and grown on HELA cells
pneumoniae
Test that uses Proteus OX antigens to detech rickettsial antibody
Weil Felix
5 Rickettsiae conditions
Rickettsial poxRocky Mt. Spotted FeverQ and murine fever Typhus fever
Q Fever is actually caused by this rickettsiael organism
Coxiella burnetti
PRAS
pre reduced anaerobically sterilizedmedia
Classic principle of anaerobic culture
Jar tech, palladium pelletsH2/CO2 w/waterindicators
GPR with double zone of beta, box car, gas gangrene, food
Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium that doesn’t usually have spores
C.perfringens
Naegler test on egg yolk agar used for
C.perfringenspos/has lecithinase activity
Molar tooth, lumpy jaw GPR anarobe
Actinomyces israelii
Acceptable Anaerobic specimens
BF, Blood, Bile, BMasipirate, woundBiopsy, tissue
Unacceptable anaerobic specimens
swabssputum, washings, gastricvoided, catheterized urinefeces
Anaerobe that forms black, dark halos on BBE due to esculin hydrolysis
Bacteroides fragilis
Ideal atmosphere for anaerobes
80-90% N10% CO25%H
QC for anaerobes
O2 is color, white colorless no O2
1 GPC anaerobe1GNC anaerobe
GPC: Pep-GNC: Veillonella
Finegoldia magna, Peptostreptococcus, Peptoniphilus all are what kind of microbes
anaerobic GPC
4 GPR anaerobic
ClostridiumLactobacillusActinomycesPropionibacterium
Anaerobic GPR with molar tooth, affects brain/facw
Actinomyces
2 clostridium that have oval subterminal spores, 1 that may have
botulinumdifficile (perfringens may hay subterminal)
2 Clostridium with round terminal spore
tetani, ramosum
Anaerobic GPR antibiotic ass. diarrhea
C.difficile
Anaerobic GPR NF skin, acne
Propioni-bacterium
Anaerobic GPR NF mouth/female genital, lactic acid/pH
Lactobacillus
Anaerobic GNCNF upper, red flouresnce
Veillonella
Anaerobic GNR lung infection, tapered, fluoresence chartreuse/green yellow
Fusobacterium
Anaerobic GNR head,neck flurousence brick red
Prevotella
4 nonmotile
Shigella, Klebsiella (Enterobacteria)B.antracis (rest bacillus are motile)Yesenia nonmotile at 35
Tuft of flagela at polar end
Lophitrichous
Uniform flagella over body
Petitrichous
Amphitrichous
Tuft of flagella at both poles
Have capsules: Most are respiratory
Crypto neoKleb pneumoS.pneumoH.influN.memin
3 stains for metachromatic granules, best oneMAN
Methylene blue bestAlbertNeisser
Forms of sterilization
Autoclave 121, 15, 15Filtration Boiling Fractionalization Dry heatEthylene oxide gas
Gram stain ingredients
Crystal violetIodineEthyl alcohol Safranin
Ziel/kinyoun stain ingredients
Carbol fushin/phenolHCl/alcoholMethylene blue
Naso swabs used for these two
H.influN.mening
Urine cultureProcess time…Loop size, multiply by…Sig CFU…
1hr, 24hr fridge0.001ml, x1000>100,000 sig
Sputum stain, best sample req
Gram<10 epi, >25 PMN/lpf
ChromagarOxacillin, Cefoxitin used for
MRSA
Diff microccous from Strep
CatalaseMicrococcus cat pos
Staph epi from s.sapro
Novobiocin susceptible
Bacitracin susceptible PYR pos
GAS
Oxiase positive PVNM-CH
PseudomonasVibrio chNeisseriaM.cattCampyHeli,Haemo
Genital cultureTransport with these 2, AtCulture w/in, on
Transport modified Stuart’s or Amies charcoal at RTCulture with in 12hrs on JEMBEC
Agar melts at, solidify at
Melts 100Solidify 45-50
Four ingredients in modified TMVCN, TL
VancomycinColistinNystatinTrimethoprim Lactate
Nitrocefin is a…Used to detect…Turns..
Chromogenic cephalosporinDetect cleavage of beta lactam ringRed
X factorV factor
X Hemin V NAD
Needs X,Vsatelitte phenomkidsmeningitis,epiglotitis
H.influe
Diff L.mono from GrpB strep
L.mono is motile and catalase pos
Two microbes that are CAMP and hippyrate pos
GrpBL.mono
Salicin used to diff these two.. which one pos
L.mono from Corynebacterium L.mono salicin pos
GPR partially acid fast, beaded, branching, filamentous. Urease positive
Nocardia
Curved Gram negative rod, sea-gull winged MicroaerophillicNeeds increased Nitrogen42C
Campylobacter
Campy reqAtmosphere, temp
Microaerophillic 85 N10 Co25 O42C
Aspects of enteriobacteriace
GNROxidase negativeCatalase posNitrate to nitriteMotile except for kleb,shig,yer Ferments glucose, acid
Selective media for S&S with bromthymol blue and acid fuchsin as indicators
HE
GPR, spores, nonmotileString of pearls w/penicillin, Medusa
B.anthracis
Urease +PUNCH
ProteusUrea-plasmaNocardiaCrytoneo,CorynebacHelipylori
Media where Mercury droplets can be seen in B.pertussis
Bordet gengou
E.Coli IMViC
++–
Kleb IMViC
- -++
Most common cause of UTI females
Ecoli
Selects with Crystal violet, bile salts….diff with lactose
MAC
Selects with eosin Y, methylene blue…diff w/sucrose and lactose
EMB
Selects with bile salts, diff lactose/sucrose/salicin and has H2S indicator
HE
What are clear and colorless on HE? What is clear with black dot?
Shigella clearsalmonella clear w/black dot
What color are NF from the intestine on HE
orange/pink
What is the H2S indicator in He, SS, and XLD
Sodium thiosulfate
selects with brilliant green, biles salts and diff with lactose and H2S
SS
Selects witih bile salts, diff with lactose/surcrose/xylose and H2S
XLD
Two enterobact that produce H2S
Salmonella and proteus
Enterobactero DNase pos and red
Serratia
Deaminate…Enzymes that catalyse this reaction are called…
Deamination is the removal of an amino group from a molecule.deaminases.Deamination occurs in the presence of the deaminase enzyme that catalyzes the breaking of the bond that binds the amino group to the rest of the amino acid.
Deaminase pos: acronym Rapid urease pos: acronym
Deaminase: PPMProteusProvidenciaMorganellaUrease: PMProteus, Morganella
PPM are all pos/have these two enzymesProteusProvidenciaMoroganella
deaminase, urease
Typhoid fever caused by
Salmonella typhi
Positive nitrate test is…confirm with…
Pinkzinc powderif the medium turns red after the addition of the nitrate reagents, it is considered a positive result for nitrate reduction because it was reduced to nitrite. If it’s clear either nitrate is present or it reduced past nitrite. Confirm with zinc. After zinc if it turns red, it’s a true negative, nitrate didn’t reduce. If it’s clear after zinc, then nitrite was reduced further and is positive.
TSI yellow butt
glucose
Yellow slant
lactose or sucrose
A/A which sugars
slant: lactose and/or sucrosebutt: glucose
K/A
butt: glucose only
K/K
none
black butt
H2S
Which test needs trytophan and is called Kovacs reagent
Indole
Citrate tests for microbes that
use citrate for their sole source of carbon
Kleb is citrate…
posIMViC –++
E.coli is citrate
negIMViC++–
Indicator that tests the ability of microbes to make glucose and drop the pH
methyl red
EMB selects and diff these group of microbes
enterobactericae
EMB has lactose to diff, what color is E.colicolor of NLF
green, LFclear
Test that tests microbes ability to make acetone from glucose
Voges Proskauer
Voges Proskauer2 pos: K/E2 Neg: E/Y
Pos: Kleb, EnterobacNeg: E.coli, Yer
In PPA, phenylalanine is deaminated to…three PPA pos…PPM
phenylpyruvid acidProteusProvidenciaMorganella
Enzyme that breaks down aminos to amines (alkaline) w/limited glucosefirst ph turns yellowwhen decarboxylized alkaline amine turns purple
DecarboxylaseDecarboxylation occurs in the presence of a decarboxylase enzyme that catalyzes the breaking of the bond that binds the carboxylic group to the rest of the amino acid.
Aminos used in decarboxylase test
LysineArginineOrthinine
Positive nitrate reduction test changes what color and inidicates…
positive changes red, indicates has only nitrate reductase
Initial no color in negative nitrate reduction test indicates
No color may mean microbe has both or neither enzymes nitrate/nitrite reductase
How to confirm no color reaction in nitrate reduction test….red..no color..
add powered zinc, will catalyze nitrate to nitritered…has neither enzymeclear…has both nitrite/nitrate
To ferment lactose need these two enzymes
permease: brings into cellB-galactosidase: breaks down lactose
What are microbes called that lack permease but have B-galactosidase
slow lactose fermenters
Which test detects B-galactosidaseWhat does pos look like
ONPGit resembles lactosepos=yellow
Sodium deoxycholate is used in
String test for vibrio choloera
Test/medium that uses low peptone to allow visible acid production by oxidizers
OFoxidition fermentation medium
With OF medium, what color is fermenters…where is the color for oxidizers…
acid, yellowoxidziers only on top due to needing oxygen
What is the indicator in OF media
bromthymol blue
Clostridium spores:oval/sub:round:
Clostridium spores:oval/subterminal: bot,diff, sometimes perfround terminal: tetani, ram
Obligate intracellular parasite w/anthropod vectorGNCB that resemble bacteriaWeil-Felix (proteus ag)PCR lab titer
Rickettsia
Coxiella Burretii
obligate intracellular parasiteQ feveraerosol from birth of infectedbioterrism
Two genus that have intracellular morulae in cells/WBC and transmitted by ticks
Ehrlichia chaffeensis:mono/neuAnaplasma phagocytophilum:grans
Lyme disease, bulls eye rashIxodes damminiserological
Borelia burgedorferi
obligate intra parasiteSTD:parrots:PCR
Chlamydiatrachomatispsittaci
D test
double diffusionD appearance due to flattened zone of inhibition, resistant to clindamycin
Disk diffusion req
agar 4.0mmMH 150mmno more than 12 disksno CO2pH 7.2-7.4Ca/Mg
Ingredient in McFarland
Barium Chloride
K/Vi antigen
Capsular antigenVi is K, made by S.typhiPolysaccharide, heat labile, prevents phago
H antigen
Flagellar Serotype SalmonellaProtein, heat labile
O antigen
sOmaticSalmonella and ShigellaLipopolysaccharideHeat stable
Opportunistic enterobacteriacea in reptiles, fresh water fish, H2S, indoor, motile++–
Edwardsiella tarda
3 enterobac with ++–
P.vulgarisE.coliEdwardsiella
3 enterobac with –++
Kleb pneuEnterobacterSerratia marcesens
Enterobacteriaciae that swarms
Proteus
SPEC is H2S
Salmonella ProteusEdwardsiellaCitro
3 Nonmotile entero at 35C
ShigellaKlebYersenia
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia are all
Nonfermenting gram negative rods
Which one is NF Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Acinetobacter of skin, pharynx
Two GNR, cause gastroenteritis, doesn’t grow on TCBS, oxidase pos, motile
AeromonasPlesiomonas shigelloides
Ornithine pos selects for
Enterobacter
TSI:SEEK A/A
SerratiaEscherichaEnterobacterKleb
K/K
Pseudomonas
Fastidious, Capnophlic, GNCB Oral flora
HACEK
HAECK, GNCB, pits agar, bleach odor
Eikinella corrodens
3 GNR Enterobacteriaceae with IMViC –++
Kleb pneumoEnterobacterSerratia
3 GNR Enterobacteriaceae with IMViC ++–
ProteusE.coliEdwardsella
Kleb versus SerratiaMotility, lactose
Kleb nonmotile, LFSerratia motile, NLF
Of these 3 no fermenting GNR, which one is oxidase posPseudo aeroAcinebacterStenotro
Pseudo
2 Enterobacteriaceae that produce H2S
SalmonellaProteus
3 Enterobacteriaceae that has deaminase/PPA pos
ProteusProvidenciaMorganella
Enterobacteriaceae that is DNase pos
Serratia
2 Enterobacteriaceae that are urease pos
Proteus, Morganella
3 Enterobacteriaceae that are - -++/VP pos
KlebEnterobacter Serratia
Test that diff GPC from GNDC, reactions
OxidaseGPC(staph, strep): oxidase negGNDC(neisseria): oxidase pos
Of the species of mycobacterium which one isn’t a rapid grower
gordonae
Lactose fermenting enterobacteraciea, acrynom/organisms
CEEK (seek w/a C)CitrobacterEnterobacterE.coliKleb
M.gordonae is slow
M.gordonae is slow
4 GPR anaerobic acrynom, names
Clostridium Lactobacillus Actinomyces Propionibacterium
Only GN cocci anaerobic
Veillonella
4 GPR nonspore1 GPR spore
CorneybacteriumListeria monoErysipelothrixNocardiaspore…Bacillus
CampyHeliVibrio are all
GNR
Hemophilus is what shape/color
GNCB
Bartonella and Legionella gram stain
GNR
Brucella, Franciella, and Pasterurella gram stain
GNCB
Clostridium, Actinomyces,Propionibacterium,Lactobacillus all are …., gram stain
GPR anaaerobic
Two organisms that cause pelvic inflammatory diseases
N.gonnChlamydia trachomatis
Small, nonmotileCoccobacillusGrows in egg yolk sac
Rickettsia
2 organism have Bacterial type cell wall
Chlamydia: no peptidoglycanRickettsia
Naglar agar selects for
Clostridium
GNR, fastidious, Air conditioner Best medium for legionella..L.pneumo forms brown pigment on…
BCYE: buffered charcoal yeast extract has cysteineL.pneumo: feeley gorman iron cysteine
Bordetella that is urease, oxidase pos
Bronchiseptica
4 ways to id mycobacteria and optimal atmosphere/% and temp
Growth ratePigmentBiochemTempCO2, 5%35C
Rhodococcus equi is GPC and takes…to go from coccoid to rod
24hrs
Blood cysteine glucose agar used for
Fran. tularensis
β-Lactamases are enzymes that degrade the β-lactam ring. They can be encoded chromosomally or on extrachromosomal elements.This process of testing for enzyme by subculturing is called…
Plasmid coding
Name of test where DNA is hydrolyzed and what positive looks like
DNaseMedium is colorless around organism
In chromogenic cephalosporin test for betalactamase, the intact beta lactam ring is…If organism cleaves ring it turns ..
Clear/yellow=intactRed=cleaved
Sign of Lyme disease at site of tick bite called
ECMErythema chronicum migrans
Disease that causes raised, red, itchy rash (larva currens), often between your butt cheeks, on your thighs or on your wrists.
strongyloidiasis
larva currens is also called
strongyloidiasis
A red rash that usually begins on the face or neck, later spreading to the chest, trunk, arms and legs is called and caused by
Scarlet feverGrpA step
Bulls eye is also called…Seen in what disease…
Erythema chronicum migransLyme
Mycosel is…with..and…It is a highly selective media for the isolation of pathogenic fungi from materials having a large flora of other fungi and bacteria. It is not general purpose media for the isolation of all fungi (including molds and saprophytic yeasts).
Sabouraud Agar with Chloramphenicol and Cycloheximide
Trichophyton that is urease-pos and penetrates hair shaft
Mentagrophytes
Tuberculate macroconidia seen in what phase..Of what organism…
Mycelial phaseH.capsulatum
Broad based budding yeast seen in… Phase of ..
Tissue phaseBlasto dermatitis
Alternating barrel shaped arthroconidia seen in this phase… Of…
MycelialC.immitis
Round, thick walled spherule with endospores seen is what phase and organism
YeastC.immitis
Mariners wheel buds seen in what phase and organism
YeastPara brasiliensis
Cutaneous larva migrans, creeping eruption caused by
Ancyclostoma braziliense
Creeping eruption called… By….
Cutaneous larva migransAncyclostoma braziliense
Capillariasis
The nematode (roundworm) Capillaria (=Paracapillaria) philippinensis causes human intestinal capillariasis. Unlike C. hepatica, humans are most likely the main definitive host. Transmission occurs primarily through eating undercooked fish.
eosinophilic meningitis, eosinophilic meningoencephalitis, or EM.
A. cantonensis: People can get infected by eating raw or undercooked snails or slugs or contaminated produce.B. procyonis: People get infected by accidentally ingesting infectious parasite eggs. These eggs can be found in raccoon feces and environments (such as dirt) contaminated with raccoon feces.G. spinigerum: People can get infected by eating raw or undercooked freshwater fish or eels, frogs, poultry, or snakes
In hookworm and strongly they infect by … … With what form
Skin penetrationFilariform
best way to id mycoplasma
inhibition of growth by specific antiseraThe growth inhibition test stems from the fact that high titre antiserum added into mycoplasma growth medium will inhibit the growth of the homologous mycoplasma species against which the antiserum was produced.A method of mycoplasma species identification is described, based upon inhibition of the PPLO growth on solid media around antiserum-impregnated filter paper disks.
Name for bacteria that ferment lactose into acid, turn media pink
Coliform
CLEN versus CLAP
CLEN: GPR Corney, Listo, Eryt, NocardiaCLAP: GPR anaerobic Clostridium, Lacto, Acinto, Propio
phase where growth ceases due to nutrients exhausting and toxic metabolites build up
stationary
phase with litte/no multiplication but active enzymes, still maturing
lag
phase where theres a logarithmic, doubling of growth/binary fision
exponential
phase where waste builds up, nutrients depleted and cells stop metabolic functions and dye
death, declining
Most effective form of sterilization, high pressure, high temp
autoclave 15lbs, 15min, 121C
sterlization that uses moist heat-fractional alternate heating,heat, sit, heat, sit
fractionalization
sterlization for proteineous things that can’t be heated
filtration
sterlization at 100C, 15-30min, doesn’t kill all spores viruses
boiling
Dry heat/flame and ethylene oxide gas are two forms of
sterlization
process that removes, kills, deactivates all life
sterilization
Dry versus moist QC species,Both are genus…Species…
BacillusDry: subtilisMoist: stearo-thermophilus
Process that inactivates bacteria on nonliving surfaces
disinfectant
Method using chemicals/antiseptics to destroy germs that cause infections on living tissues
antisepsis
In acid fast, what is red, what is blue
red=acid fast bacteriablue=nonacid fast, background
Part of gram stain that makes dye less soluble to help dye adhere to cell wall
iodine
sodium poly-anethol sulfonateSPS used to…
grow bacteria
Pathogenic alpha strep in upper respiratory
Strep pneumo
SPS grows bacteria by preventing these three
prevents clotting, phagocytosis and bacterialcidal affect of human serum
Most abundant NF in throat
alpha heme strep (virridans)
Group A beta strep best collected with
throat swab
H.influen, N.mening, B.pertusus best collect with
nasopharyngeal swabsupper respiratory
Most common pathogen in throat
beta strepS.pyogenes
Positive coagulase test is
clotting of plasmacoagulase reacts with plasma/fibrinogen
Sensitive and faster way to test CSF for bacterial antigen
latex agg
2 GPC that are catalase catalase positive
staph, micrococcus
2 GPC that are catalases neg
Strep, entero
Hippurate hydrolysis differentiates…Hippurate hydrolysis postive in these two…
Diff: Group B from Group APos: Group B and L.mono
GPCNonhemolyticCatalase pos, coag negsusceptible to novobiocin
Staph epi
GPC beta hemolyticBacitracin sensitivePYR +necrotizing fascitis
Grp AStrep pyogenes
GPCbeta hemolysisHippurate+/CAMP+Neonatal meningitis/sepsis
GrpBStrep agalactiae
GPCCNS that is resistant to novobiocin…CNS that is sensitive to novobiocin…
resist: saprosensitive: epi
GPCCNScatalase +Novobiocin resistantUTI young woman
Staph sapro
GPC and GNDC can be separated by this test
oxidase
Neissera/Moraxella: GNDC, oxidase…Staph/Strep: GPC, oxidase…
Neissera/Moraxella: oxidase posStaph/Strep: oxidase neg
GPC, lancet,capsulealpha hemesensitive to optochin, bile soluble
Strep pneumo
3 Group D streps
Strep bovis, galloEnteroccocus
All are….posof the 3 strep, which one likes NaCL
bile esculin posenterococcus loves salt
Neissera morph…Heemophilis morph…
Neisseria is GN cocciHaemophilis is GN rod
GNDC with adjacent flat sides what genus
Neisseria
Both Thaymer martin and modified TM have these 4 things
Colistin, nystatin, vancoin chocolate agar
What does Modified TM have taht TM doesn’t
trimethoprim lactateinhibits swarming of proteus
Neisseria species all degrade…But can differentiate speicies with these two sugars…
all degrade glucosedifferentiate with maltose and lactorse
N.gonn degrades…N.men degrades…N.lac degrades…
gonn: glucosemen: glucose, maltoselac: glucose, maltose, lactose
GNDCoxidase positiveDNase,Butyrate +middle ear
Morexalla catarrhalis
Corneybacterium diphtheriae morph
GPRnon motile
GPRnonmotileBabesErnstgray black on telluritegrows on Loeffler
Corney diph
Tellurite in K-tellurite inhibits…selects…
inhibits NF, gp/gnselects C.diph
Medium that enhances pleomorphism, granules for Corney diph…Medium where corney diph is gray-black…
Loeffler serum againK-tellurite
E-test…Elek test..
E-test: antimicrobial testElek: detect Corn diph toxin
Gram positive aerobic, rest aerobic are GN-Cocci-Rod
Cocci:-staph, strep, micrococcus-entero, group D(bovis,gallo)Rod: BCLEN-Bacillus-Corny, Listeria, Erysi, Nocardia
Gram positive anaerobic, rest are GN-Cocci:-Rods:
cocci: peptococcusRods: CLAP-Clostri,Lacto, Acinto,Propi
Most common GNR anaerobic
Bacter fragilis
Diphtheroids are corneybacterium that are NF in throat, which species is NF in throat
C.pseudo-diphtheriticum
GPCBcoccocus to rod in 24hrs
R.equiequivalent with coccus and rod
GP to gram variable CBcold/icecream, motile at 25catase +,CAMP+,hipp+
Listo. mono
Two genus diff by motilty and salicin
Listeria and Corney
motile and salicin pos…nonmotile and salicin neg…
pos: L.mononeg: Corney
Strict anaerobes that are acid fast and need 5% CO2
myco-bacteriumnot myco-plasma (no cell wall)
Middlebrook 7H11 used for…color…Lowenstein-Jensen used for..color…
Middle: mycobacteria, clearLJ: mycobacteria, green
Tween 80 diff…pos..neg…
diff Mycobacterium kansasiipos: pink/redneg: amber
Niacin/nitrate diff these two mycobacterium
M.tb from M.bovis
Mycobaterium tb naicin/nitrate…M.bovis niacin/nitrate…
M.tb posMbovis neg
Anaerobic organism that causes lumpy jaw
A.israelii
Urease +PUNCH has urease in it
ProteusUrea-plasma, duh!NocardiaCrypto neo/CornyHeli
GPRpart of CLEN(gram positive aerobic rod)will not grow with antibioticspartially acid fastbeaded, branching, filamentousurease, catalase pos
Nocardia
GNR from nasopharengeal swab-fastidious, small-filamentious
H.influe
Haemophilus genus needs…-influ needs…-para needs…-ducreyi needs…
enriched choc agarinflu: X,Vpara: Vducreyi:X
Haemophilus will satellite on BAP with Staph streak because
Staph supplies the V and then hemolysis will suppply the X
GNRfastidiousanimal bite
P.multo
Cause of:-whopping cough…-meningitis, flu, epiglottis-Pontiac
-whopping cough: B.pertusis-meningitis, flu, epiglottis: H,influ-Pontiac: Legionella pneumo
Bordetella that is urease/oxidase pos
bronchiseptica
Brucella that doesn’t make H2S
melitensis doesn’t make H2S
Brucella that is inhibited by thionin
arbortus inhibited by thionin
GNRfastidiousbrown on feely-gorman iron cysteine
Legionella pneumoneeds cysteine
BCYE used for
Legionella
GNR fastidiousrabbits, bites, bioterrism
Franciellatularensis
GNR fastidious in ACs
Legionella pneumo
Campylobacteria is…Needs…%….%….%
micro-aerophillic85% N10% CO25% O (least amt)
GNR curvedgull winged appearance, motilemicroaerophillic, needs increased N at 42Calso nitrate pos and nonfermentative but who the hell is going to remember that
Campy jejuni
Campy jejuni uses what medium if enteritis
campy blood agar duh!
Ass with peptic ulcer urea pos
Helicobacter pylori
Epi cell with gram variable bacteria
clue cell
Pleomorphilic, gram variableNF vagina, clue cells, sniff test
Gardenella vaginalis
SS 4 media
XLDSSHEGN broth
SS media ingredientsXLD:SS:HE:GN broth:
XLD: xylose, lysine, deoxycholateSS: brilliant green, lactoseHE: bromtyhmol blue, acid fuchsin-lactose/sucroseGN broth: deoxcholate, citrate
Color of S/S on HE
clear, clear w/dot
Two H2S indicators in triple sugar agar
ferric ammonium citrate and sulfate
IMViC
Indole, methyl red, VP, citrate
IMViC:E.coli…Kleb…
Ecoli: ++–Kleb:–++
IMViC3 that are ++–3 that are –++
++– PEE: proteus, E.coli, Ed–++ KES: Kleb, Enter, Ser
In PPA, phenalalaine is ….to phenylpyruvid acid
deaminated
acrynon: Organisms that are PPA pos, deaminate phenylalanine
PPMP:proteusP:providenM:morganella
3 aminos used in decarboxylase test that breaks down aminos to amines
LAOlysine, arginine, ornithine
positive DNase is…two DNase pos genera…
clearing around colonyM.catt, Serr
Nitrate reduction:-change color immediately=-no changed color imm, and clear w/zinc…-clear imm, color after zinc…
-change color imm=pos-clear, clear w/zinc=pos for both-clear imm, color w/zinc=neg
Lactose fermenters needs these two enzymes to ferment lactose
Beta-galactosidasePermease
Test that detects slow LF that lack permease but have Betagalastosidase
ONPG
Oxidation fermentation media has … … to allow visibility of acid production by oxidizers
low peptone
tubes used in OF…One…w/…one…
2one with oilone openOF need oxygen and will grow on top/yellow
Most isolated nonfermenteroxidase posgreen, grape smellswimmers ear
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
GN nonfermentative NF of skin
acinetobacter calcoa
Nagler agar selects for
Clostridium perfringens
Bacteroides fragilis is resistant to
penicillin
Acronymn for anaerobic GPR/bacilli
CLAPC=clostridiumL=LactoA=AcintoP=Propioni
The only GPC anaerobe…The only GNC anaerobe..
GPC: PeptococcusGNC: Veillonella
Anaerobic GPR/bacilli that makes double zone of hemolysis
C.perfringens
