Alimentary - Headgut, pharynx and larynx

Question 1

What is prehension?

Answer 1

Getting food into the mouth, either via lips, teeth, tongue and head/jaw movements

Question 2

What is mastication?

Answer 2

The mechanical breakdown of food and mixing with saliva

Question 3

What is deglutition?

Answer 3

Swallowing, voluntary and involuntary

Question 4

What is the vestibule?

Answer 4

The space between the cheek and the teeth

Question 5

What are the 4 major facial muscles involved with prehension?

Answer 5

Zygomaticus
Levator labii superioris
Buccinator
Orbicularis oris

Question 6

What does the zygomaticus do?

Answer 6

Retracts the angle of the mouth and moves the lips for facial expression

Question 7

What does the levator lavii superioris do?

Answer 7

Elevates the upper lip and moves it to one side

Question 8

What does the buccinator do?

Answer 8

Keeps food between the upper and lower molar teeth during mastication. Pushing food back into the mouth and preventing is collecting in the vestibule

Question 9

What does the orbicularis oris do?

Answer 9

It closes the lips and assists in the gathering of food, when drinking and during mastication

Question 10

What is the buccal cavity?

Answer 10

Opening of the oral cavity

Question 11

Whats the palatine ridge?

Answer 11

The middle line of the hard pallet

Question 12

What are the transverse ridges?

Answer 12

The ridges on the hard palate

Question 13

What is the medial suculus?

Answer 13

The middle line of the tongue

Question 14

What is the philtrum?

Answer 14

The line under the nose

Question 15

What is the frenulum?

Answer 15

The mucous membrane securing under the tongue

Question 16

What is the sublingual caruncle?

Answer 16

The site either side of the frenulum

Question 17

What is the palatoglossal arch?

Answer 17

From the soft palette to the tongue

Question 18

What is the palantine tonsil?

Answer 18

A bundle of lymphatic tissue

Question 19

What is the soft palate?

Answer 19

Divides the nasopharynx and the oropharynx

Question 20

What is different about bachiocephalic dogs?

Answer 20

They have an extra long soft palate, which touches the larynx when they breathe making it difficult

Question 21

How do horses differ?

Answer 21

Very small oropharynx
Additional guttural pouch, blind ended sac for thermal regulation and allows head to be lighter

Question 22

What are the two stages of degluition?

Answer 22

Voluntary when its in mouth
Involuntary when it passes the larynx

Question 23

What two muscles in the soft palate are involved

Answer 23

Tensor veli palatini
Levator veli palatini

Elevates whole palate to allow food to enter oesophagus.

Caudal free edge of SP presses on pharyngeal wall, sealing off nasopharynx

Question 24

What nerve innervates the soft palate?

Answer 24

Glossopharyngeal
Vagus

Question 25

What are the major salivary glands?

Answer 25

Parotid Mandibular Sublingual Zygomatic

Question 26

What are the minor salivary glands?

Answer 26

Labial Lingual Buccal Palatine

Question 27

What is a monostomatic gland?

Answer 27

A gland that delivers saliva to a distant site through a singular duct

Question 28

What is a polystomatic gland?

Answer 28

A gland that delivers saliva to a local site through multiple openings adjacent to gland.

Question 29

What does saliva contain?

Answer 29

Amylase Water Sodium Bicarbonate Electrolytes Antimicrobial agents Lingual lipase

Question 30

What innervates the salivary glands?

Answer 30

Parasympathetic - facial, glossopharyngeal and trigeminal Sympathetic - vacoconstriction

Question 31

What is the hyoid apparatus?

Answer 31

Bones that suspend the tongue and the larynx

Question 32

How many bones make up the hyoid apparatus?

Answer 32

5

Question 33

What are the unpaired bones of the hyoid apparatus?

Answer 33

Basihyoid

Question 34

What are the paired bones of the hyoid apparatus?

Answer 34

Stylohyoid Epihyoid Keratohyoid Thyohyoid

Question 35

How many cartilages does the hyoid apparatus have

Answer 35

9

Question 36

What are the unpaired cartilages of the hyoid apparatus?

Answer 36

Epiglottis, thyroid and cricoid

Question 37

What are the paired cartilages of the hyoid apparatus?

Answer 37

Arytenoid and corniculate

Question 38

Which bone articulates with the skull?

Answer 38

The stylohyoid articulates with base of skull at petrus temporal

Question 39

What bone articulates with the thyroid cartilage?

Answer 39

The thyohyoid

Question 40

What are the muscles of the hyoid apparatus?

Answer 40

Ventricularis - vocal fold adduction and glottis constriction Cricoarytenoideus dorsalis - abducts the arytenoid cartilage to open the glottis Vocalis - controls vocal cords Thyroarytenoideus - gives rise to the ventricularis and vocalis muscles

Question 41

What are the functions of the tongue?

Answer 41

Grooming Lapping (lyssa) Pregension/manipulating food Deglutition Vocalisation

Question 42

What are the intrinsic muscles around the tongue?

Answer 42

Dorsal and ventral longitudinal

Question 43

What are the extrinsic muscles around the tongue?

Answer 43

Styloglossus - retracts and elevates Hyoglossus - retracts and despresses Genioglossus - protrudes and depresses Geniohyoideus - below the tongue and draws hyoid and tongue forward

Question 44

What is the innervation of the tongue?

Answer 44

Movement - hypoglossal Temperature and touch (1st 2/3) - lingual branch of trigeminal Taste (caudal 1/3) - glossopharyngeal

Question 45

What is the vasculature of the tongue?

Answer 45

Lingual artery primarily Some branches of carotid artery, facial artery and ascending pharyngeal artery

Question 46

What are papillae on the tongue?

Answer 46

Tiny raised protrusions on the tongue that are the taste buds

Question 47

What are the mechanical papillae?

Answer 47

Conical Filiform

Question 48

What are the conical papillae?

Answer 48

Only in caudal 1/3 of tongue Thick epithelium No taste Not in horses

Question 49

What are filiform papillae?

Answer 49

Rostral 2/3 Most numerous and point caudally Small Thick keratin on stratified squamous epithelium No taste, glands or lymphatics V prominent in cats

Question 50

What are the gustatory papillae?

Answer 50

Foliate Funigform Vallate

Question 51

What are the foliate papillae?

Answer 51

Caudal 1/3 8-12 papillae in parallel folds either side of tongue midline Stratified squamous epithelium Absent in ruminants

Question 52

What are fungiform papillae?

Answer 52

Rostral 2/3 Red dots on surface Keratinised stratified squamous epithelium Heat loss involvement in panting

Question 53

What are vallate papillae?

Answer 53

Lymphatic V present in goats and ruminants