Alcohols & Haloaklanes 4.2.1 & 4.2.2 Flashcards
How are Alcohols classified?
Primary:
The carbon the OH is attached to only connects to one other carbon.
Secondary:
The carbon the OH is attached to connects to two other carbons.
Tertiary:
The carbon the OH is attached to connects to three other carbons.
How is an Aldehyde produced?
Distilation of a primary alcohol with acidified potassium dichromate
How is a Carboxylic Acid produced?
Reflux of a primary alcohol with acidified potassium dichromate
How is a Ketone produed?
Reflux of a secondary alcohol with acidified potassium dichromate
What is the Functional Group of an Aldehyde?
C=O
But they have COH at end of structure
What is the Functional Group of a Carboxylic Acid?
C=O
But have COOH at end of structure
What is the Functional Group of a Ketone?
C=O
What are Physical properties of Alcohols?
Flammable
Can Hydrogen bond
What is Reflux?
Continual boiling and condensing of a reaction mixture to ensure the reaction goes to completion without the mixture boiling dry
What is Distillation?
The technique of heating a liquid to create vapour, which is collected when cooled seperate from the original mixture
What is the Oxidising agent for Distillation and Reflux of Alcohols?
Acidified Potassium Dichromate
K2Cr2O7 / H+
what is Elimination of Water?
Also known as Dehydration
When an alcohol is heated with a catalyst (H2SO4) to form an alkene.
How do Alcohols react with Halide ions in the presence of an acid?
The alcohol group and the halide are substitued.
eg. CH3C(CH3)2OH + HCl → CH3C(CH3)2Cl + H2O
What are Haloalkanes?
Alkanes which posese at least one Halide instead of a hydrogen
What is a Nucleophile?
A species which can donate a pair of electrons
What happens in Nucleophilic Substitution?
A halide within a haloalkane is substituted for an alcohol group
What is Hydrolysis?
A reaction with water or OH- ions that breaks a compound into two compounds
What are CFCs?
Chloro-Flouro-Carbons
What can CFCs be used for?
Refrigerant (gas in fridges and air con)
Aerosols
Dry Cleaning
What are Problems with CFCs?
They deplete ozone
Thus letting a far greater amount of UV in to the atmosphere.
How is Atom Economy calculated?
(Mass of desired product / Total mass of products) x 100
What is a good Atom Economy?
High atom economy as it means there are fewer bi-products. (therefore less waste)
