Agricultural revolution and industrial revolution Flashcards
How did Europe expand in the 18th century
internal growth (rising food production, population boom, expansion of industry)
External growth (global trade, empire building)
In 17th century economy what percent of population was peasant farmers
80%
What was the 17th century economy
agrarian
What agriculture system was used in 1650
open field system
What was the open field system
open land cut into strips for each family, no fences, common land for pasturing animals.
What were the problems with open field system
soil exhaustion (fields lie fallow), low output + periods of famine
During the arg. rev. why was enclosure important
crop yields and livestock output increased at the same time productivity increased enough to make a surplus of labor.
What did the agricultural revolution change in farming systems
Crop rotation, enclosure/fencing
Consequences of Arg. rev.
Much more food
rise of market/ oriented estate agriculture
proletarianization ( landless peasants )
What were proletarianization (arg. rev)
landless peasants
Who were the leaders of the arg. rev.
Low countries first and England second
Why were the low countries first in the arg rev.
densely populated
growth of urban areas
the dutch use innovative drainage systems
What did Cornelius Vermugden (dutch ) do
drainage
Why was there a population explosion in 18th century
decline in mortality b/c famine was fixed by new canals and roads enabled food transport; new foods (potatoes) Disease: Bubonic plague disappeared and sanitation was improved and war was less destructive
Whats cottage industry
manufacturing with hand tools in peasant homes
What was the putting out system and what was it apart of
cottage industry; merchant capitalists “put out” raw materials to cottage workers who returned finished products to the merchant, it usually involved families in rural areas producing items in their homes especially textiles
Describe the 1st part of the industrial revolution
it began around 1780- characterized by
the use of coal
development of iron making techniques
mechanism of the textile industry
the use of steam power
use of railways
improved canals
improves steam power ships
interchangeable parts
Describe the 2nd part of industrial revolution
began around 1850- characterized by
internal combustion engine
electrical power
steel producing
Name 5 factors that allowed Britain lead the revolution
- Natural and Human resources
- Technological inventions
- Demand for goods due to increased population
- access to capital
5.social and political standards ( no revolts)
Whats capital
Things used to start a business
Where did the industrial revolution start and and where did it spread to
Started in Britain and spread to Europe and the us and eventually worldwide
Economic results of the industrial revolution (3)
- Classical economies “laissez faire”
- Socialism
- Marxism (communism)
True or false: Competing philosophies developed as responses to the industrial capitalist system as it emerged
True
What was Thomas Newtons steam engine originally used for
Pump water out of the coal mine
Who improved and perfected the steam engine
James watt
What did the new steam engine open the door for
Steam powered locomotives and steamships/ operating machinery using steam power
Who was the leaders in smelting
The darby family
What did the darby family do
Smelting: Used coal to separate iron form its ore
less expensive and better quality iron was produced
Iron was used to produce parts for the steam engine
