ABSITE Review - Anesthesia Flashcards

1
Q

What is MAC?

A

Minimum alveolar concentration = smallest concentration of inhalational agent at which 50% of patients will not move with incision.

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2
Q

Explain the potency of MAC vs solubility.

A

Small MAC –> more lipid soluble = more potent
Nitrous is fastest but has high MAC (low potency)
Speed of induction is inversely proportional to solubility

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3
Q

Describe the potency and side effects of the following INHALATIONAL AGENTS: nitrous oxide, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane and sevoflurane.

A

Nitrous oxide - fast, minimal myocardial depression
Halothane - slow, highest degree of cardiac depression and arrhythmias
Enflurane - seizures
Isoflurane - good for NSG; higher cost
Sevoflurane - fast, less myocardial depression

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4
Q

Which induction agent is contraindicated in patients with head injury?

A

Ketamine

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5
Q

What are the side effects of sodium thiopental?

A

decrease cerebral blood flow and metabolic rate, decrease BP

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6
Q

What are the side effects of propofol? When is this contraindicated?

A

SEs: hypotension, respiratory depression

Do not use in patients with egg allergy

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7
Q

What are the side effects of ketamine?

A

SEs: hallucinations, catecholamines release (increase carbon monoxide, tachycardia), increase airway secretions and increase cerebral blood flow

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8
Q

Mention the indication for a rapid sequence intubation.

A

Recent oral intake, GERD, delayed gastric emptying, pregnancy, bowel obstruction

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9
Q

What is the last muscle to go down and 1st muscle to recover from paralytics?

A

Diaphragm

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10
Q

What is the 1st muscle to go down and the last to recover from paralytics?

A

Neck muscles and face

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11
Q

What is the only depolarizing agent? What are the side effects?

A

Succinylcholine

SEs: increase ICP, malignant hyperthermia

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12
Q

What is the 1st sign of malignant hyperthermia?

A

Increase end tidal CO2 then fever, tachycardia, rigidity, acidosis, hyperkalemia

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13
Q

Why malignant hyperthermia occurs?

A

Defect in calcium metabolism. Calcium released from sarcoplasmic reticulum causes muscle excitation –> contraction syndrome.

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14
Q

What is the treatment of malignant hyperthermia?

A

Dantrolene (10mg/kg) inhibits Ca release and decouples excitation complex, cooling blankets, HCO3, glucose, supportive care

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15
Q

In which patients, is succinylcholine contraindicated?

A

Do not use in burn patients, neurologic injury, neuromuscular disorders, spinal cord injury, massive trauma, acute renal failure

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16
Q

What is the MOA of nondepolarizing agents?

A

Inhibit neuromuscular junction by competing with acetylcholine. Can get prolongation of these agents with hypothermia, hypercarbia, certain antibiotics, electrolyte abnormalities, myasthenia gravis.

17
Q

Which nondepolarizing agent can be used in liver and renal failure patients?

A

Cis-atracurium which undergoes Hoffman degradation

18
Q

Which nondepolarizing agents cause histamine release?

A

Cis-atracutium and Mivacurium

19
Q

Which nondepolarizing agent undergoes hepatic metabolism?

A

Rocuronium

20
Q

Which nondepolarizing agent undergoes renal metabolism?

A

Pancuronium

21
Q

Which nondepolarizing agent cause tachycardia?

A

Pancuronium

22
Q

What is the MOA of neostigmine and edrophonium?

A

Counters non-depolarizing agents. Blocks AchE, increased Ach

23
Q

Why atropine or glycopyrrolate should be given with neostigmine or edrophonium?

A

To counteract effects of generalized acetylcholine overdose

24
Q

What is the maximum dose of lidocaine?

25
What is the relation in lenght of action for lidocaine, bupivacaine and procaine?
bupivacaine > lidocaine > procaine
26
Which patients cannot have epinephrine in their local anesthetics?
Arrhythmias, unstable angina, uncontrolled HTN, poor collaterals (penis and ear), uteroplacental insufficiency
27
Mention the amides of local anesthetics.
Lidocaine, bupivacaine, mepivacaine (have "i" in first part of the name)
28
Mention the esters of local anesthetics.
Tetracaine, procaine, cocaine
29
What is the drug of choice for narcotic overdose?
Narcan
30
What is the drug of choice for benzodiazepine overdose?
Flumazenil
31
Which benzodiazepine is contrindicated in pregnancy because it cross the placenta?
Versed
32
What is the treatment for acute hypotension and bradycardia cause by epidural anesthesia?
Turn epidural down, fluids, phenylephrine, atropine
33
What is the treatment for spinal headaches?
Rest, increased fluids, caffeine, analgesics; blood patch to site if persists > 24 hrs.
34
Which patients need cardiology work up prior to surgery?
Angina, previous MI, SOB, CHF, walks 5/min, age > 70, pts undergoing major vascular surgery
35
Describe the ASA classes.
ASA I - Healthy ASA II - Mild disease without limitation (controlled HTN, obesity, DM, significant smoking history, older age) ASA III - Severe disease (angina, uncontrolled HTN, DM w complications, moderate COPD) ASA IV - Severe constant threat to life (unstable angina, CHF, renal failure, liver failure, severe COPD) ASA V - Moribund (ruptured AAA, saddle PE, ascending aortic dissection resulting in heart failure) ASA VI - Donor ASA E - Emergency
36
What are the biggest risk factors for postop MI?
age > 70, DM, previous MI, CHF, and unstable angina
37
What is the best determinant of esophageal vs tracheal intubation?
End tidal CO2
38
What is the adequate position for ETT?
Should be placed 2cm above the carina.