A1 Understand health issues page 31 Flashcards
What are tumour markers, and how are they used in cancer diagnosis?
Tumour markers are chemicals released by cancerous cells that can be detected in the bloodstream. They may be tested when cancer is suspected, but they only rise after cancer has begun to grow.
Why is early diagnosis important for successful cancer treatment?
Early diagnosis is important because cancer is easier to treat when caught before it has spread. If diagnosed early, surgery or radiotherapy may be effective.
What are the main cancer screening programmes available in the UK?
The main cancer screening programmes in the UK are for breast, bowel, and cervical cancers.
What is involved in breast cancer screening, and who is eligible for it in the UK?
Breast cancer screening involves a mammogram (an X-ray of the breasts) for those aged 50-70. It helps detect cancer in its early stages.
What is involved in bowel cancer screening, and who is eligible for it in the UK?
Bowel cancer screening is offered every two years to people aged 60-74 in most of the UK, and 50-74 in Scotland. It involves a stool sample to check for blood, with follow-up tests like colonoscopy if needed.
What is involved in cervical cancer screening, and who is eligible for it in the UK?
Cervical cancer screening is offered to people aged 25-64. It involves brushing the cervix to check for cancerous or pre-cancerous cells.
What is a false positive result in a screening test?
A false positive is a test result indicating a person has a condition when they do not.
What is a false negative result in a screening test?
A false negative is a test result indicating a person does not have a condition when they actually do.
