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A&P 1 Summer 2023 > A&P Lab Midterm > Flashcards

A&P Lab Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

This system is the external body covering

A

Integumentary

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2
Q

This system assists with movement and heat production

A

Muscular

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3
Q

This system protects you from pathogens (like bacteria & viruses)

A

Lymphatic

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4
Q

This system does gas exchange

A

Respiratory

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5
Q

This system breaks down food

A

Digestive

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6
Q

This system detects & responds to stimuli

A

Nervous

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7
Q

This system secretes hormones

A

Endocrine

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8
Q

This system transports & circulates blood throughout the body

A

Cardiovascular

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9
Q

This system eliminates waste

A

Urinary

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10
Q

This system produces offspring & secretes hormones

A

Reproductive

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11
Q

This system provides the body’s framework & protects organs

A

Skeletal

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12
Q

What two body cavities is the heart found in?

A

Pericardial and thoracic

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13
Q

What two body cavities is the urinary bladder found in?

A

Pelvic and abdominopelvic

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14
Q

What two body cavities is the liver found in?

A

Abdominopelvic and abdominal

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15
Q

What two body cavities are the lungs found in?

A

Thoracic and pleural

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16
Q

What two body cavities is the small intestine found in?

A

Abdominopelvic and abdominal

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17
Q

What is the beige, oily substance that builds up inside pimples?

A

Pus (in normal skin, this is sebum)

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18
Q

Which accessory structure over-functions when a person develops acne?

A

Sebaceous gland

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19
Q

What is a first-degree burn?

A

A burn that only goes through the epidermis

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20
Q

What is a second-degree burn?

A

A burn that goes down into the dermis

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21
Q

What is special about a second-degree burn?

A

Blisters form

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22
Q

What is a third-degree burn?

A

A burn that goes down into all layers of skin

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23
Q

What are the pain receptors found in the papillary layer of the dermis?

A

Free nerve endings

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24
Q

What are the glands that secrete oil (sebum) onto the hair follicle?

A

Sebaceous glands

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25
Q

What are the glands that secrete watery sweat on the skin’s surface (for thermoregulation)?

A

Eccrine glands

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26
Q

What are the glands that secrete the oily and protein rich solution causing body odor?

A

Apocrine glands

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27
Q

What are the receptors in the dermal papillae that detect texture, shape, and light touch?

A

Tactile corpuscles

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28
Q

What is the smooth muscle attached to hairs that cause goosebumps?

A

Arrector pili

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29
Q

What are the receptors deep in the dermis that detect course touch and deep pressure?

A

Lamellar corpuscle

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30
Q

What are the three regions of the skin, and what order do they go in, superficial to deep?

A

Epidermis –> Papillary layer –> Reticular Layer

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31
Q

What two layers of the skin are in the dermis?

A

Papillary layer and reticular layer

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32
Q

What tissue type is in the epidermis?

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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33
Q

What tissue type is in the papillary layer?

A

Areolar connective tissue

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34
Q

What tissue type is in the reticular layer?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

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35
Q

What kind of tissue is in the SubQ layer?

A

Adipose connective tissue

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36
Q

What are the five layers of skin, and what order do they go in, superficial to deep?

A

Stratum Corneum –> Stratum Lucidum –> Stratum Granulosum –> Stratum Spinosum –> Stratum Basale

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37
Q

Which layer of the skin is only in thick skin?

A

Stratum Lucidum

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38
Q

Where is the location of neurons?

A

Brain, spinal cord, & nerves

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39
Q

What is the function of neurons?

A

Send electrical signals

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40
Q

What is the location of neuroglia?

A

Brain, spinal cord, & nerves

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41
Q

What is the function of neuroglia?

A

Provide structural support for neurons and protect & nourish neurons

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42
Q

What is the location of skeletal muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal muscles

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43
Q

What is the function of skeletal muscle tissue?

A

Motion, posture, and heat production

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44
Q

What is the location of cardiac muscle tissue?

A

The wall of the heart

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45
Q

What is the function of cardiac muscle tissue?

A

Pumps blood to the rest of the body

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46
Q

What is the location of smooth muscle tissue?

A

Walls of hollow internal organs (GI tract, urinary tract, blood vessels)

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47
Q

What is the function of smooth muscle tissue?

A

Movement of substances (food, urine, blood)

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48
Q

Where is blood connective tissue located?

A

Inside blood vessels

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49
Q

What is the function of blood connective tissue?

A

Transports respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes. Enables blood clotting

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50
Q

What is the location of bone connective tissue?

A

Compact bone and spongy bone

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51
Q

What is the location of hyaline cartilage connective tissue?

A

Embryonic and fetal skeleton, at the end of long bones, and costal cartilage

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52
Q

What is the function of hyaline cartilage connective tissue?

A

Provides a smooth surface for movement, cushions and resists compression stress

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53
Q

What is the location of fibrocartilage connective tissue?

A

Intervertebral discs, and the pubic symphysis

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54
Q

What is the function of fibrocartilage connective tissue?

A

Absorbing shock, and joining structures together

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55
Q

What is the location of elastic cartilage connective tissue?

A

The external ear and the epiglottis

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56
Q

What is the function of elastic cartilage connective tissue?

A

Maintains the shape of structures

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57
Q

What is the location of dense regular connective tissue?

A

Tendons and ligaments

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58
Q

What is the function of dense regular connective tissue?

A

Attachment and withstands pulling

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59
Q

What is the location of dense irregular connective tissue?

A

Reticular layer of the dermis

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60
Q

What is the function of dense irregular connective tissue?

A

Provides strength in multiple directions

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61
Q

What is the location of dense elastic tissue?

A

Walls of large arteries, the trachea and bronchial tubes

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62
Q

What is the function of dense elastic connective tissue?

A

Returns organs to their regular shape after stretching

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63
Q

What is the location of areolar loose connective tissue?

A

Papillary layer of the dermis

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64
Q

What is the function of areolar loose connective tissue?

A

Wraps organs, cushions organs

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65
Q

What is the location of adipose loose connective tissue?

A

SubQ layer of the skin

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66
Q

What is the function of adipose loose connective tissue?

A

Energy reserve, prevents heat loss, supports and protects organs

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67
Q

What is the location of reticular loose connective tissue?

A

Lymph nodes and the spleen

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68
Q

What is the function of reticular loose connective tissue?

A

Filters and removes old blood cells or microbes

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69
Q

What is the location of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Lining of the mouth and esophagus

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70
Q

What is the function of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Protection against abrasion, water loss, and microbe invasion

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71
Q

What is the location of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

A

The epidermis

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72
Q

What is the function of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Protection against abrasion, water loss, UV radiation and microbes

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73
Q

What is the difference in function between non-keratinized and keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium protects against UV radiation, non-keratinized does not

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74
Q

What is the location of stratified cuboidal epithelium?

A

Sweat glands

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75
Q

What is the function of stratified cuboidal epithelium?

A

Secretion and absorption

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76
Q

What is the location of stratified columnar epithelium?

A

Salivary glands

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77
Q

What is the function of stratified columnar epithelium?

A

Secretion

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78
Q

What is the location of transitional epithelium?

A

Urinary bladder and the ureters

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79
Q

What is the function of transitional epithelium?

A

Allows organs to stretch

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80
Q

What is the location of the simple squamous epithelium?

A

Alveoli of the lungs

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81
Q

What is the function of the simple squamous epithelium?

A

Gas exchange

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82
Q

What is the location of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

Ducts of glands and kidney tubules

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83
Q

What is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

Secretion of products

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84
Q

What is the location of non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium?

A

GI tract (stomach, small intestine, large intestine)

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85
Q

What is the function of non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium?

A

Absorption of nutrients and secretion of enzymes/mucus

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86
Q

What is the location of ciliated simple columnar epithelium?

A

Bronchiole tubes of the lungs, and fallopian tubes

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87
Q

What is the function of ciliated simple columnar epithelium?

A

Movement of mucus and foreign objects out of the throat, movement of eggs to the uterus

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88
Q

What is the location of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

Trachea and upper respiratory epithelium

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89
Q

What is the function of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

Secretion of mucus, and propulsion of mucus and foreign objects out of the throat

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90
Q

What two cavities is the stomach found in?

A

Abdominal and abdominopelvic

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91
Q

What quadrant is the appendix found in?

A

Right lower

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92
Q

What quadrant is most of the stomach found in?

A

Left upper

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93
Q

What quadrant is most of the liver found in?

A

Right upper

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94
Q

What quadrant is the gallbladder found in?

A

Right upper

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95
Q

What are the two quadrants that most of the small intestines are found in?

A

Right lower and left lower

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96
Q

This plane divides the body (or organ) into equal left and right parts

A

Midsagittal

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97
Q

This plane divides the body (or organ) into superior and inferior parts

A

Transverse

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98
Q

This plane divides the body (or organ) into unequal left and right parts

A

Parasagittal

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99
Q

This plane divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior parts

A

Coronal

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100
Q

This plane divides the body (or organ) at an angle

A

Oblique

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101
Q

In front of / towards the front

A

Anterior

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102
Q

In the back of / toward the back

A

Posterior

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103
Q

On the inside / farther from the surface

A

Deep

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104
Q

On the outside / closer to the surface

A

Superficial

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105
Q

Closer to the limbs attachment point

A

Proximal

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106
Q

Farther to the limbs attachment

A

Distal

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107
Q

When two structures are on the same limb, which two terms do you use?

A

Proximal / distal

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108
Q

Toward the midline

A

Medial

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109
Q

Away from midline

A

Lateral

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110
Q

Above

A

Superior

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111
Q

Below

A

Inferior

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112
Q

The liver is ______ to the small intestine

A

Superior

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113
Q

The heart is ________ to the lungs

A

Intermediate

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114
Q

The trachea is _________ to the esophagus

A

Anterior

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115
Q

The urinary bladder is ______ to the lungs

A

Inferior

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116
Q

The humerus is ________ to the ulna

A

Proximal

117
Q

The patella is _______ to the ribs

A

Inferior

118
Q

The vertebrae are _______ to the sternum

A

Posterior

119
Q

The phalanges (of the foot) are _______ to the femur

A

Distal

120
Q

The heart is ________ to the ribs

A

Posterior / Deep

121
Q

The skin is _______ to the ribs

A

Superficial

122
Q

Front side of the body

A

Ventral

123
Q

The forehead

A

Frontal

124
Q

The eye

A

Orbital

125
Q

The nose

A

Nasal

126
Q

The temple

A

Temporal

127
Q

The ear

A

Auricular

128
Q

The mouth

A

Oral

129
Q

The chin

A

Mental

130
Q

The back of the head

A

Occipital

131
Q

The neck

A

Cervical

132
Q

The chest region

A

Thoracic

133
Q

The abdomen

A

Abdominal

134
Q

The central breastbone

A

Sternal

135
Q

The spinal column

A

Vertebral

136
Q

The lower back

A

Lumbar

137
Q

The hips

A

Coxal

138
Q

The lower part of the torso, below the abdominal region

A

Pelvic

139
Q

The genital region

A

Pubic

140
Q

Between the hip bones, in the back

A

Sacral

141
Q

The top of the shoulder

A

Acromial

142
Q

The posterior shoulder region

A

Scapular

143
Q

The armpit

A

Axillary

144
Q

The arm

A

Brachial

145
Q

The lateral forearm

A

Radial

146
Q

The medial forearm

A

Ulnar

147
Q

The wrist

A

Carpal

148
Q

The palm of the hand

A

Palmar

149
Q

The fingers/toes

A

Phalangeal

150
Q

The buttocks region

A

Gluteal

151
Q

The thigh

A

Femoral

152
Q

The knee

A

Patellar

153
Q

The thumb

A

Pollex

154
Q

The great toe

A

Hallux

155
Q

The lateral leg

A

Fibular

156
Q

The medial leg

A

Tibial

157
Q

The ankle

A

Tarsal

158
Q

The heel

A

Calcaneal

159
Q

The sole of the foot

A

Plantar

160
Q

The back side of the body

A

Dorsal

161
Q

This part focuses light on the specimen

A

Condenser

162
Q

This part magnifies the slide 4x, it is used to locate the specimen

A

Scanning objective

163
Q

This part regulates the amount of light entering the specimen

A

Iris diaphragm

164
Q

This lever adjusts the size of the opening in the iris diaphragm

A

Iris diaphragm lever

165
Q

This part is the eyepiece you look into, it magnifies things 10x

A

Ocular lens

166
Q

This part is where the slide sits, it can move up, down, left, and right

A

Mechanical stage

167
Q

This part holds the slides in place on the mechanical state

A

Stage clip

168
Q

This part holds the objective and rotates

A

Revolving nosepiece

169
Q

This part magnifies the specimen 10x

A

Low power objective

170
Q

This part moves the stage up and down in big increments, it is used to locate the specimen

A

Coarse adjustment knob

171
Q

This part moves the stage up and down in small increments, it is used to focus on the specimen

A

Fine adjustment knob

172
Q

This part magnifies the specimen 40x

A

High power objective

173
Q

These two parts support the microscope and are used to transport it

A

Arm and base

174
Q

Which adjustment knob would you use for the scanning (4x) lens?

A

Coarse and fine adjustment

175
Q

Which adjustment knob would you use for the low power (10x) lens?

A

Fine adjustment

176
Q

Which adjustment knob would you use for the high power (40x) lens?

A

Fine adjustment

177
Q

What is the formula for total magnification?

A

Ocular magnification X Objective magnification

178
Q

What is the total magnification of a specimen viewed on a microscope with the ocular lens and the high power objective?

A

10 X 40 = 400

179
Q

What is the difference between magnification and resolution?

A

Magnification = makes something bigger
Resolution = makes it look clear

180
Q

What is the ability to switch from one objective to another and stay in focus

A

Parfocal

181
Q

What is the space between the objective lens and the slide?

A

Working distance

182
Q

What is the range of depths in which a specimen stays in focus?

A

Depth of field

183
Q

What is the part of the slide that is visible through the ocular lens?

A

Field of view

184
Q

What happens to your field of view when you increase magnification?

A

It decreases

185
Q

What happens to the size of your working distance when you increase magnification

A

It decreases

186
Q

What happens to the depth of field when you increase magnification?

A

It decreases

187
Q

T or F : When putting up the microscope, the mechanical stage should be raised as high as possible

A

False

188
Q

T or F: When putting up the microscope, the slide should be removed from the slide clip

A

True

189
Q

T or F: When putting up the microscope, the high power objective should be pointed down

A

False

190
Q

T or F: When putting up the microscope, the microscope should be powered off before it is unplugged

A

True

191
Q

T or F: When putting up the microscope, the power cord should be tucked into the space on the back of the arm of the microscope

A

True

192
Q

T or F: When putting up the microscope, the microscope should be carried back to the cabinet using two hands

A

True

193
Q

What is the membrane that separates the DNA from the cytoplasm?

A

Nuclear envelope

194
Q

What is the site of ribosome assembly?

A

Nucleolus

195
Q

What is the name of the organelle that contains the cell’s DNA?

A

Nucleus

196
Q

What is the site of ATP synthesis in the cell?

A

Mitochondria

197
Q

What is the organelle that packages proteins and forms lysosomes?

A

Golgi apparatus

198
Q

What is the freely-floating small organelle in the cytosol that makes proteins?

A

Ribosomes

199
Q

What is the large organelle that makes proteins and sends them to the Golgi Apparatus?

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

200
Q

What is the site of free radical neutralization and detoxification?

A

Peroxisomes

201
Q

What is the site of intracellular digestion?

A

Lysosome

202
Q

What is the site of lipid and steroid synthesis and lipid metabolism?

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

203
Q

What are the small organelles that divide a cell’s genetic information during mitosis?

A

Centrioles

204
Q

What is the structure used to propel substances across the cell?

A

Cilia

205
Q

What is the structure that separates the inside and outside of the cell?

A

Plasma membrane

206
Q

What is the structure used to propel a cell during movement?

A

Flagella

207
Q

The genetic material of the cell, known as its _______ is made of 5 nucleotide bases: A, T, G and C

A

DNA

208
Q

The loose form of this genetic material (when it is loosely wrapped around histone proteins is called _________. This arrangement is sometimes called “beads on a string”

A

Chromatin

209
Q

When a cell is preparing to divide, it duplicates its genetic information and then packages it into X-shaped structures called ________.

A

Chromosomes

210
Q

Each half of the “X” is identical to each other, and they are called ________.

A

Chromatids

211
Q

The halves are connected to each other in the middle by a structure called a ___________.

A

Centromere

212
Q

Cellular division involves the separation of two distinct parts of the cell: its genetic information and its cytoplasm. ________ is the process that the cell uses to divide its DNA.

A

Mitosis

213
Q

________ is the process that the cell uses to divide its organelles and cytosol

A

Cytokinesis

214
Q

During the process of mitosis, the ________ ________ forms.

A

Mitotic spindle

215
Q

These are long proteins that start at the small organelles called _________ and end at the center of each X. As mitosis proceeds, the X-shaped genetic information is pulled to the center of the cell, then split in half, generating two new cells with identical genetic information

A

Centrioles

216
Q

What is the phase of mitosis where the chromosomes are lined up in the center of the cell?

A

Metaphase

217
Q

What is the part of the cell cycle where the cell replicated its DNA and grows in size?

A

Interphase

218
Q

What is the part of mitosis where the cell’s DNA condenses into chromosomes?

A

Prophase

219
Q

What is the part of mitosis where the chromosomes are split in half and travel to opposite ends of the dividing cell?

A

Anaphase

220
Q

What is the part of the cell cycle where a cleavage furrow develops and the cytoplasm of the cell divides?

A

Cytokinesis

221
Q

What is the part of mitosis where new nuclei form around the DNA in the two new cells?

A

Telophase

222
Q

This tissue allows movement and is made of long, contractile protein-packed cells

A

Muscle tissue

223
Q

This tissue type is made almost entirely of cells. It covers and lines body cavities and forms glands

A

Epithelial

224
Q

This tissue type is the main component of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It conducts impulses and has branching cells with long extensions

A

Nervous

225
Q

This tissue type is the most abundant in the body. It is made of cells, fibers, and ground substance

A

Connective tissue

226
Q

What is the number of cell layers in simple epithelium?

A

One

227
Q

What is the number of cell layers in stratified epithelium?

A

Multiple

228
Q

What is the number of cell layers in pseudostratified epithelium?

A

One

229
Q

What is the shape of sqamous cells?

A

Flat

230
Q

What is the shape of cuboidal cells?

A

Cube

231
Q

What is the shape of columnar cells?

A

Column

232
Q

What is the function of cilia?

A

Move things along the surface of a cell

233
Q

What is the function of microvilli

A

Increase surface area

234
Q

What epithelial tissue type would be good for protecting the body against abrasion (like the rubbing of your feet in your shoes)?

A

Stratified epithelium

235
Q

What epithelial tissue type would be good for allowing substances (like gases) to diffuse through?

A

Simple epithelium

236
Q

What epithelial tissue type would be good for moving substances (like dust and debris) out of the body?

A

Cells with cilia

237
Q

What epithelial tissue type would be good for absorbing nutrients and water?

A

Cells with microvilli

238
Q

What is the type of cell found in keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Keratinocytes

239
Q

What is the type of cell found in cartilage tissue?

A

Chondrocytes

240
Q

What is the type of cell (found in some epithelial tissue types) that makes mucus?

A

Goblet cell

241
Q

What is the type of cell found in bone connective tissue?

A

Osteocytes

242
Q

What is the type of cell found in blood connective tissue that initiate immune reactions?

A

Leukocytes

243
Q

What is the type of cell found in blood connective tissue that transports oxygen?

A

Erythrocytes

244
Q

What is the type of cell found in adipose connective tissue?

A

Adipocytes

245
Q

What is the type of cell found in most connective tissues that make protein fibers?

A

Fibroblasts

246
Q

What is a lacuna?

A

The name of the small spaces where bone cells (osteocytes) are found

247
Q

What is the central canal?

A

The blood supply found in the middle of each osteon

248
Q

What is the canaliculi?

A

The small pathways that allow osteocytes to share nutrients

249
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

The protective membrane surrounding bones that has blood vessels

250
Q

Which bone type is about as long as they are wide, making them cube shaped?

A

Short

251
Q

Which bone type has thin bones that sometimes curve at the edges?

A

Flat

252
Q

Which bone type has bones that are longer than they are wide?

A

Long

253
Q

Which bone type has complicated shapes, and is hard to classify?

A

Irregular

254
Q

What are sesamoid bones?

A

Bones that are embedded in tendons

255
Q

What is the largest sesamoid bone?

A

The patella

256
Q

Besides the patella, where else are sesamoid bones found?

A

Tendons of the hands and feet

257
Q

What is the bone structural classification of the femur?

A

Long

258
Q

Where is the femur in simple terms?

A

Thigh

259
Q

What is the bone structural classification of the humerus?

A

Long

260
Q

Where is the humerus in simple terms?

A

Arm

261
Q

What is the bone structural classification of the patella?

A

Sesamoid

262
Q

Where is the patella in simple terms?

A

Knee

263
Q

What is the bone structural classification of the proximal phalanx #4?

A

Long

264
Q

Where is the proximal phalanx #4 in simple terms?

A

Finger

265
Q

What is the bone structural classification of the sternum?

A

Flat

266
Q

Where is the sternum in simple terms?

A

Chest

267
Q

What is the bone structural classification of the trapezoid (a carpal bone)?

A

Short

268
Q

Where is the trapezoid (a carpal bone) in simple terms?

A

Wrist

269
Q

What is the bone structural classification of a thoracic vertebrae?

A

Irregular

270
Q

Where is a thoracic vertabrae, in simple terms?

A

Back

271
Q

In the femur, what is the projection at the top of the bone called?

A

Head

272
Q

In the femur, what is the larger bump near the head called?

A

Greater trochanter

273
Q

In the femur, what is the smaller bump near the head called?

A

Lesser trochanter

274
Q

In the femur, what is the raised line in between the greater and lesser trochanter called?

A

Intertrophanteric crest

275
Q

In the femur, what is the medial bump towards the bottom of the bone called?

A

Medial condyle

276
Q

In the femur, what is the bump above the medial condyle called?

A

Medial epicondyle

277
Q

In the femur, what is the lateral bump towards the bottom of the bone called?

A

Lateral condyle

278
Q

In the femur, what is the bump above the lateral condyle called?

A

Lateral epicondyle

279
Q

In the femur, what is the indentation between the medial condyle and the lateral condyle called?

A

Intercondylar fossa

280
Q

In the skull, what is the chin hole called?

A

Mental foramen

281
Q

In the skull, what is the bend edge of the bone called?

A

Angle

282
Q

In the skull, what is the bone projection that looks like a stylus called?

A

Styloid process

283
Q

In the skull, what is the hole outside the hearing area called?

A

External acoustic meatus

284
Q

In the skull what is the bone projection that connects to the zygomatic bone called?

A

Zygomatic process

285
Q

What words mean some kind of hole?

A

Fissure, sinus, meatus, foramen

286
Q

What words mean some kind of indentation?

A

Cavity, sulcus, notch, fossa

287
Q

What words mean something on the edge?

A

Border, margin, angle

288
Q

What kind of edge is an angle?

A

Bent

289
Q

What words mean some kind of projection, bump, or line?

A

Tuberosity, tubercle, line, spine, malleolus, crest, head, process, condyle, epicondyle, trochanter

A&P 1 Summer 2023 (17 decks)

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