A&P Lab Midterm Flashcards
This system is the external body covering
Integumentary
This system assists with movement and heat production
Muscular
This system protects you from pathogens (like bacteria & viruses)
Lymphatic
This system does gas exchange
Respiratory
This system breaks down food
Digestive
This system detects & responds to stimuli
Nervous
This system secretes hormones
Endocrine
This system transports & circulates blood throughout the body
Cardiovascular
This system eliminates waste
Urinary
This system produces offspring & secretes hormones
Reproductive
This system provides the body’s framework & protects organs
Skeletal
What two body cavities is the heart found in?
Pericardial and thoracic
What two body cavities is the urinary bladder found in?
Pelvic and abdominopelvic
What two body cavities is the liver found in?
Abdominopelvic and abdominal
What two body cavities are the lungs found in?
Thoracic and pleural
What two body cavities is the small intestine found in?
Abdominopelvic and abdominal
What is the beige, oily substance that builds up inside pimples?
Pus (in normal skin, this is sebum)
Which accessory structure over-functions when a person develops acne?
Sebaceous gland
What is a first-degree burn?
A burn that only goes through the epidermis
What is a second-degree burn?
A burn that goes down into the dermis
What is special about a second-degree burn?
Blisters form
What is a third-degree burn?
A burn that goes down into all layers of skin
What are the pain receptors found in the papillary layer of the dermis?
Free nerve endings
What are the glands that secrete oil (sebum) onto the hair follicle?
Sebaceous glands
What are the glands that secrete watery sweat on the skin’s surface (for thermoregulation)?
Eccrine glands
What are the glands that secrete the oily and protein rich solution causing body odor?
Apocrine glands
What are the receptors in the dermal papillae that detect texture, shape, and light touch?
Tactile corpuscles
What is the smooth muscle attached to hairs that cause goosebumps?
Arrector pili
What are the receptors deep in the dermis that detect course touch and deep pressure?
Lamellar corpuscle
What are the three regions of the skin, and what order do they go in, superficial to deep?
Epidermis –> Papillary layer –> Reticular Layer
What two layers of the skin are in the dermis?
Papillary layer and reticular layer
What tissue type is in the epidermis?
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
What tissue type is in the papillary layer?
Areolar connective tissue
What tissue type is in the reticular layer?
Dense irregular connective tissue
What kind of tissue is in the SubQ layer?
Adipose connective tissue
What are the five layers of skin, and what order do they go in, superficial to deep?
Stratum Corneum –> Stratum Lucidum –> Stratum Granulosum –> Stratum Spinosum –> Stratum Basale
Which layer of the skin is only in thick skin?
Stratum Lucidum
Where is the location of neurons?
Brain, spinal cord, & nerves
What is the function of neurons?
Send electrical signals
What is the location of neuroglia?
Brain, spinal cord, & nerves
What is the function of neuroglia?
Provide structural support for neurons and protect & nourish neurons
What is the location of skeletal muscle tissue?
Skeletal muscles
What is the function of skeletal muscle tissue?
Motion, posture, and heat production
What is the location of cardiac muscle tissue?
The wall of the heart
What is the function of cardiac muscle tissue?
Pumps blood to the rest of the body
What is the location of smooth muscle tissue?
Walls of hollow internal organs (GI tract, urinary tract, blood vessels)
What is the function of smooth muscle tissue?
Movement of substances (food, urine, blood)
Where is blood connective tissue located?
Inside blood vessels
What is the function of blood connective tissue?
Transports respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes. Enables blood clotting
What is the location of bone connective tissue?
Compact bone and spongy bone
What is the location of hyaline cartilage connective tissue?
Embryonic and fetal skeleton, at the end of long bones, and costal cartilage
What is the function of hyaline cartilage connective tissue?
Provides a smooth surface for movement, cushions and resists compression stress
What is the location of fibrocartilage connective tissue?
Intervertebral discs, and the pubic symphysis
What is the function of fibrocartilage connective tissue?
Absorbing shock, and joining structures together
What is the location of elastic cartilage connective tissue?
The external ear and the epiglottis
What is the function of elastic cartilage connective tissue?
Maintains the shape of structures
What is the location of dense regular connective tissue?
Tendons and ligaments
What is the function of dense regular connective tissue?
Attachment and withstands pulling
What is the location of dense irregular connective tissue?
Reticular layer of the dermis
What is the function of dense irregular connective tissue?
Provides strength in multiple directions
What is the location of dense elastic tissue?
Walls of large arteries, the trachea and bronchial tubes
What is the function of dense elastic connective tissue?
Returns organs to their regular shape after stretching
What is the location of areolar loose connective tissue?
Papillary layer of the dermis
What is the function of areolar loose connective tissue?
Wraps organs, cushions organs
What is the location of adipose loose connective tissue?
SubQ layer of the skin
What is the function of adipose loose connective tissue?
Energy reserve, prevents heat loss, supports and protects organs
What is the location of reticular loose connective tissue?
Lymph nodes and the spleen
What is the function of reticular loose connective tissue?
Filters and removes old blood cells or microbes
What is the location of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?
Lining of the mouth and esophagus
What is the function of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?
Protection against abrasion, water loss, and microbe invasion
What is the location of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?
The epidermis
What is the function of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?
Protection against abrasion, water loss, UV radiation and microbes
What is the difference in function between non-keratinized and keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium protects against UV radiation, non-keratinized does not
What is the location of stratified cuboidal epithelium?
Sweat glands
What is the function of stratified cuboidal epithelium?
Secretion and absorption
What is the location of stratified columnar epithelium?
Salivary glands
What is the function of stratified columnar epithelium?
Secretion
What is the location of transitional epithelium?
Urinary bladder and the ureters
What is the function of transitional epithelium?
Allows organs to stretch
What is the location of the simple squamous epithelium?
Alveoli of the lungs
What is the function of the simple squamous epithelium?
Gas exchange
What is the location of simple cuboidal epithelium?
Ducts of glands and kidney tubules
What is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium?
Secretion of products
What is the location of non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium?
GI tract (stomach, small intestine, large intestine)
What is the function of non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium?
Absorption of nutrients and secretion of enzymes/mucus
What is the location of ciliated simple columnar epithelium?
Bronchiole tubes of the lungs, and fallopian tubes
What is the function of ciliated simple columnar epithelium?
Movement of mucus and foreign objects out of the throat, movement of eggs to the uterus
What is the location of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
Trachea and upper respiratory epithelium
What is the function of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
Secretion of mucus, and propulsion of mucus and foreign objects out of the throat
What two cavities is the stomach found in?
Abdominal and abdominopelvic
What quadrant is the appendix found in?
Right lower
What quadrant is most of the stomach found in?
Left upper
What quadrant is most of the liver found in?
Right upper
What quadrant is the gallbladder found in?
Right upper
What are the two quadrants that most of the small intestines are found in?
Right lower and left lower
This plane divides the body (or organ) into equal left and right parts
Midsagittal
This plane divides the body (or organ) into superior and inferior parts
Transverse
This plane divides the body (or organ) into unequal left and right parts
Parasagittal
This plane divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior parts
Coronal
This plane divides the body (or organ) at an angle
Oblique
In front of / towards the front
Anterior
In the back of / toward the back
Posterior
On the inside / farther from the surface
Deep
On the outside / closer to the surface
Superficial
Closer to the limbs attachment point
Proximal
Farther to the limbs attachment
Distal
When two structures are on the same limb, which two terms do you use?
Proximal / distal
Toward the midline
Medial
Away from midline
Lateral
Above
Superior
Below
Inferior
The liver is ______ to the small intestine
Superior
The heart is ________ to the lungs
Intermediate
The trachea is _________ to the esophagus
Anterior
The urinary bladder is ______ to the lungs
Inferior
The humerus is ________ to the ulna
Proximal
The patella is _______ to the ribs
Inferior
The vertebrae are _______ to the sternum
Posterior
The phalanges (of the foot) are _______ to the femur
Distal
The heart is ________ to the ribs
Posterior / Deep
The skin is _______ to the ribs
Superficial
Front side of the body
Ventral
The forehead
Frontal
The eye
Orbital
The nose
Nasal
The temple
Temporal
The ear
Auricular
The mouth
Oral
The chin
Mental
The back of the head
Occipital
The neck
Cervical
The chest region
Thoracic
The abdomen
Abdominal
The central breastbone
Sternal
The spinal column
Vertebral
The lower back
Lumbar
The hips
Coxal
The lower part of the torso, below the abdominal region
Pelvic
The genital region
Pubic
Between the hip bones, in the back
Sacral
The top of the shoulder
Acromial
The posterior shoulder region
Scapular
The armpit
Axillary
The arm
Brachial
The lateral forearm
Radial
The medial forearm
Ulnar
The wrist
Carpal
The palm of the hand
Palmar
The fingers/toes
Phalangeal
The buttocks region
Gluteal
The thigh
Femoral
The knee
Patellar
The thumb
Pollex
The great toe
Hallux
The lateral leg
Fibular
The medial leg
Tibial
The ankle
Tarsal
The heel
Calcaneal
The sole of the foot
Plantar
The back side of the body
Dorsal
This part focuses light on the specimen
Condenser
This part magnifies the slide 4x, it is used to locate the specimen
Scanning objective
This part regulates the amount of light entering the specimen
Iris diaphragm
This lever adjusts the size of the opening in the iris diaphragm
Iris diaphragm lever
This part is the eyepiece you look into, it magnifies things 10x
Ocular lens
This part is where the slide sits, it can move up, down, left, and right
Mechanical stage
This part holds the slides in place on the mechanical state
Stage clip
This part holds the objective and rotates
Revolving nosepiece
This part magnifies the specimen 10x
Low power objective
This part moves the stage up and down in big increments, it is used to locate the specimen
Coarse adjustment knob
This part moves the stage up and down in small increments, it is used to focus on the specimen
Fine adjustment knob
This part magnifies the specimen 40x
High power objective
These two parts support the microscope and are used to transport it
Arm and base
Which adjustment knob would you use for the scanning (4x) lens?
Coarse and fine adjustment
Which adjustment knob would you use for the low power (10x) lens?
Fine adjustment
Which adjustment knob would you use for the high power (40x) lens?
Fine adjustment
What is the formula for total magnification?
Ocular magnification X Objective magnification
What is the total magnification of a specimen viewed on a microscope with the ocular lens and the high power objective?
10 X 40 = 400
What is the difference between magnification and resolution?
Magnification = makes something bigger
Resolution = makes it look clear
What is the ability to switch from one objective to another and stay in focus
Parfocal
What is the space between the objective lens and the slide?
Working distance
What is the range of depths in which a specimen stays in focus?
Depth of field
What is the part of the slide that is visible through the ocular lens?
Field of view
What happens to your field of view when you increase magnification?
It decreases
What happens to the size of your working distance when you increase magnification
It decreases
What happens to the depth of field when you increase magnification?
It decreases
T or F : When putting up the microscope, the mechanical stage should be raised as high as possible
False
T or F: When putting up the microscope, the slide should be removed from the slide clip
True
T or F: When putting up the microscope, the high power objective should be pointed down
False
T or F: When putting up the microscope, the microscope should be powered off before it is unplugged
True
T or F: When putting up the microscope, the power cord should be tucked into the space on the back of the arm of the microscope
True
T or F: When putting up the microscope, the microscope should be carried back to the cabinet using two hands
True
What is the membrane that separates the DNA from the cytoplasm?
Nuclear envelope
What is the site of ribosome assembly?
Nucleolus
What is the name of the organelle that contains the cell’s DNA?
Nucleus
What is the site of ATP synthesis in the cell?
Mitochondria
What is the organelle that packages proteins and forms lysosomes?
Golgi apparatus
What is the freely-floating small organelle in the cytosol that makes proteins?
Ribosomes
What is the large organelle that makes proteins and sends them to the Golgi Apparatus?
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
What is the site of free radical neutralization and detoxification?
Peroxisomes
What is the site of intracellular digestion?
Lysosome
What is the site of lipid and steroid synthesis and lipid metabolism?
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
What are the small organelles that divide a cell’s genetic information during mitosis?
Centrioles
What is the structure used to propel substances across the cell?
Cilia
What is the structure that separates the inside and outside of the cell?
Plasma membrane
What is the structure used to propel a cell during movement?
Flagella
The genetic material of the cell, known as its _______ is made of 5 nucleotide bases: A, T, G and C
DNA
The loose form of this genetic material (when it is loosely wrapped around histone proteins is called _________. This arrangement is sometimes called “beads on a string”
Chromatin
When a cell is preparing to divide, it duplicates its genetic information and then packages it into X-shaped structures called ________.
Chromosomes
Each half of the “X” is identical to each other, and they are called ________.
Chromatids
The halves are connected to each other in the middle by a structure called a ___________.
Centromere
Cellular division involves the separation of two distinct parts of the cell: its genetic information and its cytoplasm. ________ is the process that the cell uses to divide its DNA.
Mitosis
________ is the process that the cell uses to divide its organelles and cytosol
Cytokinesis
During the process of mitosis, the ________ ________ forms.
Mitotic spindle
These are long proteins that start at the small organelles called _________ and end at the center of each X. As mitosis proceeds, the X-shaped genetic information is pulled to the center of the cell, then split in half, generating two new cells with identical genetic information
Centrioles
What is the phase of mitosis where the chromosomes are lined up in the center of the cell?
Metaphase
What is the part of the cell cycle where the cell replicated its DNA and grows in size?
Interphase
What is the part of mitosis where the cell’s DNA condenses into chromosomes?
Prophase
What is the part of mitosis where the chromosomes are split in half and travel to opposite ends of the dividing cell?
Anaphase
What is the part of the cell cycle where a cleavage furrow develops and the cytoplasm of the cell divides?
Cytokinesis
What is the part of mitosis where new nuclei form around the DNA in the two new cells?
Telophase
This tissue allows movement and is made of long, contractile protein-packed cells
Muscle tissue
This tissue type is made almost entirely of cells. It covers and lines body cavities and forms glands
Epithelial
This tissue type is the main component of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It conducts impulses and has branching cells with long extensions
Nervous
This tissue type is the most abundant in the body. It is made of cells, fibers, and ground substance
Connective tissue
What is the number of cell layers in simple epithelium?
One
What is the number of cell layers in stratified epithelium?
Multiple
What is the number of cell layers in pseudostratified epithelium?
One
What is the shape of sqamous cells?
Flat
What is the shape of cuboidal cells?
Cube
What is the shape of columnar cells?
Column
What is the function of cilia?
Move things along the surface of a cell
What is the function of microvilli
Increase surface area
What epithelial tissue type would be good for protecting the body against abrasion (like the rubbing of your feet in your shoes)?
Stratified epithelium
What epithelial tissue type would be good for allowing substances (like gases) to diffuse through?
Simple epithelium
What epithelial tissue type would be good for moving substances (like dust and debris) out of the body?
Cells with cilia
What epithelial tissue type would be good for absorbing nutrients and water?
Cells with microvilli
What is the type of cell found in keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?
Keratinocytes
What is the type of cell found in cartilage tissue?
Chondrocytes
What is the type of cell (found in some epithelial tissue types) that makes mucus?
Goblet cell
What is the type of cell found in bone connective tissue?
Osteocytes
What is the type of cell found in blood connective tissue that initiate immune reactions?
Leukocytes
What is the type of cell found in blood connective tissue that transports oxygen?
Erythrocytes
What is the type of cell found in adipose connective tissue?
Adipocytes
What is the type of cell found in most connective tissues that make protein fibers?
Fibroblasts
What is a lacuna?
The name of the small spaces where bone cells (osteocytes) are found
What is the central canal?
The blood supply found in the middle of each osteon
What is the canaliculi?
The small pathways that allow osteocytes to share nutrients
What is the periosteum?
The protective membrane surrounding bones that has blood vessels
Which bone type is about as long as they are wide, making them cube shaped?
Short
Which bone type has thin bones that sometimes curve at the edges?
Flat
Which bone type has bones that are longer than they are wide?
Long
Which bone type has complicated shapes, and is hard to classify?
Irregular
What are sesamoid bones?
Bones that are embedded in tendons
What is the largest sesamoid bone?
The patella
Besides the patella, where else are sesamoid bones found?
Tendons of the hands and feet
What is the bone structural classification of the femur?
Long
Where is the femur in simple terms?
Thigh
What is the bone structural classification of the humerus?
Long
Where is the humerus in simple terms?
Arm
What is the bone structural classification of the patella?
Sesamoid
Where is the patella in simple terms?
Knee
What is the bone structural classification of the proximal phalanx #4?
Long
Where is the proximal phalanx #4 in simple terms?
Finger
What is the bone structural classification of the sternum?
Flat
Where is the sternum in simple terms?
Chest
What is the bone structural classification of the trapezoid (a carpal bone)?
Short
Where is the trapezoid (a carpal bone) in simple terms?
Wrist
What is the bone structural classification of a thoracic vertebrae?
Irregular
Where is a thoracic vertabrae, in simple terms?
Back
In the femur, what is the projection at the top of the bone called?
Head
In the femur, what is the larger bump near the head called?
Greater trochanter
In the femur, what is the smaller bump near the head called?
Lesser trochanter
In the femur, what is the raised line in between the greater and lesser trochanter called?
Intertrophanteric crest
In the femur, what is the medial bump towards the bottom of the bone called?
Medial condyle
In the femur, what is the bump above the medial condyle called?
Medial epicondyle
In the femur, what is the lateral bump towards the bottom of the bone called?
Lateral condyle
In the femur, what is the bump above the lateral condyle called?
Lateral epicondyle
In the femur, what is the indentation between the medial condyle and the lateral condyle called?
Intercondylar fossa
In the skull, what is the chin hole called?
Mental foramen
In the skull, what is the bend edge of the bone called?
Angle
In the skull, what is the bone projection that looks like a stylus called?
Styloid process
In the skull, what is the hole outside the hearing area called?
External acoustic meatus
In the skull what is the bone projection that connects to the zygomatic bone called?
Zygomatic process
What words mean some kind of hole?
Fissure, sinus, meatus, foramen
What words mean some kind of indentation?
Cavity, sulcus, notch, fossa
What words mean something on the edge?
Border, margin, angle
What kind of edge is an angle?
Bent
What words mean some kind of projection, bump, or line?
Tuberosity, tubercle, line, spine, malleolus, crest, head, process, condyle, epicondyle, trochanter
