A&P Lab Final Flashcards
The pectoralis major is found on which side of the humerus?
Anterior and/or lateral
The pectoralis major does what to the humerus at the glenohumeral joint?
Flexes
The latissimus dorsi is found on which side of the humerus?
Posterior/anterior
The latissimus dorsi does what to the humerus at the glenohumeral joint?
Extends/adduct
What does the word “spinatus” in its name tell us. (Infraspinatus)
Its general location
The teres major is found on which side of the humerus?
Posterior
The teres major does what to the humerus at the glenohumeral joint?
Adducts
When the latissimus dorsi contracts the humerus moves ____ the body’s midline
Toward
When something moves toward the body’s midline, what is that called?
Adduction
When the latissimus dorsi contracts, the angle at the shoulder joint _____
Increases
When the angle increases, what is that called?
Extension
What side of the humerus is the pectoralis major found on?
Medial
The pectoralis major _____ the humerus at the glenohumeral joint
Adducts
Where is the deltoid found on the humerus?
Lateral
The deltoid _____ the humerus at the glenohumeral joint
Abducts
The teres major is found on what side of the humerus?
Posterior
The teres major _____ the humerus at the glenohumeral joint
Extends
What is the insertion of the latissimus dorsi?
Between the greater tubercle and lesser tubercle of the humerus
What does the word deltoid tell us about the muscle?
Overall shape
What does the word latissimus tell us? (Latissimus dorsi)
General size compared to other muscles
The name of the structure(s) that separates the middle ear from the internal ear is called what?
Oval and round windows
The name of the structure(s) that separates the external ear from the middle ear is called what?
Tympanic membrane
The tube that transports sound waves from outside the ear to the tympanic membrane is called what?
External acoustic meatus
The tube that equalizes pressure in the middle ear is called what?
Pharyngotympanic tube
Put these auditory structures from first to receive sound waves to last. (1-6) Cochlear duct, tympanic membrane, external acoustic meatus, temporal lobe, scala vestibuli, cranial nerve VIII
- External acoustic meatus
- Tympanic membrane
- Scala vestibuli
- Cochlear duct
- Vestibucochlear nerve (VIII)
- Temporal lobe of the brain
Put these auditory structures in order from first to receive sound waves to last. (1-6) Scala vestibuli, malleus, stapes, oval window, cochlear duct, incus
- Malleus
- Incus
- Stapes
- Oval window
- Scala vestibuli
- Cochlear duct
The snail shell-shaped region that houses receptor for hearing is called what?
Cochlea
The three fluid-filled tubes that assist with dynamic equilibrium (a.k.a rotational equilibrium) are called the what?
Semicircular canals
The external ear structure that funnels sound waves into the external acoustic meatus is called what?
Auricle (pinna)
The two fluid-filled chambers in the vestibule of the cochlea that assist with static equilibrium (a.k.a equilibrium related to gravity) are called the what?
Saccule and utricle
Put these auditory structures in order from first to receive sound waves to last. (1-6) Malleus, tympanic membrane, oval window, cochlear duct, scala vestibuli, cranial nerve VIII
- Tympanic membrane
- Malleus
- Oval window
- Scala vestibuli
- Cochlear duct
- Vestibulocochlear nerve (Cranial nerve VIII)
What structures are part of the external ear?
External acoustic meatus, lobule, tympanic membrane, and auricle
What structures are part of the middle ear?
Malleus, pharyngotympanic tube, incus, stapes
What structures are part of the internal ear?
Utricle, saccule, semicircular canals, ampulla, cochlea, vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
What are the layers of the retina, top to bottom?
- Ganglion cells
- Bipolar cells
- Rods & cones
- Choroid
- Sclera
The fluid behind the lens that is thicker and has more proteins is called what?
Vitreous humor
The clear connective tissue in the front of the eyeball that bulges is called what?
Cornea
The central part of the retina where light waves are focused for detailed vision is called what?
Macula lutea
The fluid found in front of the lens that is thin and watery is called what?
Aqueous humor
The internal blood supply for the eyeball is called what?
Choroid
The “blind spot” of the eye where visual information leaves the eyeball is called what?
Optic disc
The colored part of the eye, made of smooth muscle is called what?
Iris
The accessory structure that makes tears to lubricate the eyes is called the what?
Lacrimal gland
The ________ joint is found between the C1 (atlas) and the occipital bone
Atlanto-occipital
The inferior tibiofibular joint is part of the ______ joint
Ankle
The coxal joint is part of the _____ joint
Hip
The intercarpal joints are located closest to what?
Wrist
The trochlea of the humerus is located at or closest to what?
Elbow
The humeroradial joint is located closest to what?
Elbow
The glenoid cavity of the scapula is found in or very near what?
Glenohumeral joint
The _____ ______ joint is found between the tibia and fibula by the knee
Superior tibiofibular
The acromial end of the clavicle is found in or very near what?
Acromioclavicular
The acromion of the scapula is found in or very near what?
Acromioclavicular
The styloid process of the radius is located at or closest to the what?
Wrist
The _______ joint is found between the C1 atlas and the occipital bone
Atlanto-occipital joint
The ______ _____ joint is found between the tibia and the fibula by the ankle
Inferior tibofibular joint
The head of the fibula is found very near what joint?
Knee
The occipital condyles of the occipital bone are found in or very near what?
Atlanto-occipital joint
The proximal radioulnar joint is located closest to what?
Elbow
The olecranon of the ulna is located at or closest to the what?
Elbow
The capitulum of the humerus is located at or closest to what?
Elbow
The tibiofemoral joint is part of the ______ joint
Knee
The _______ nerve collects information from the skin of the medial thigh
Obturator
The group of spinal nerves that extend off the end of the spinal cord, often called the “horse’s tail” is called what?
Cauda equina
The name of the cells specialized to detect sound waves are called what?
Hair cells
The membrane superior to hair cells that does not vibrate with sound waves is called what?
Tectorial membrane
The open space in the middle of the spinal cord that contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is called what?
Central canal
The ____ nerve collects information from the skin of the anterior thigh
Femoral
The clear connective tissue layer in the front of the eyeball that bulges is called what?
Cornea
This component of the reflex arc processes/integrates sensory impulses and then predicts the correct motor response
Interneuron
This component of the reflex arc includes muscle or glands
Effector
The _____ nerve collects information from the skin of the posterior leg and foot
Tibial
The tube that transports sound waves fromoutside the ear to the tympanic membrane is called what?
External acoustic meatus
The cone-shaped end of the spinal cord is called what?
Conus medullaris
The opening in the center of the iris where light enters the eye is called the what?
Pupil
The fluid-filled tube that includes the spiral organ and tectorial membrane and is intermediate on our models is called what?
Cochlear duct
The central part of the retina where light waves are focused for detailed vision is called what?
Macula lutea
The _____ is the location where a neuron meets with another cell to send a message
Synapse
Which filaments are only in the I band?
Thin/actin
What is the name of the white circles seen in the model?
Synaptic vesicles
The ____ _____ are the granules of the rough endoplasmic reticulum
Nissl bodies
A ______ is a group of muscle fibers
Fascicle
The central region of the sarcomere where only thick filaments are present is the what?
H-zone
The _____ ____ are the cells that form the myelin sheath around the axons of neurons in the PNS
Scwann cells
A ______ is a long protein made of many groups of actin and myosin
Myofibril
The ________ are the cells that form the myelin sheath around the axons of neurons found in the CNS
Oligodendrocytes
Neurons that conduct impulses within the CNS and integrate incoming sensory input to predict the proper motor output are called what?
Interneurons
A _________ is part of the sarcolemma that has folded in, allowing membrane potentials to reach all the myofibrils inside the muscle cell
T tubule
The regulatory protein that interacts with calcium is called what?
Troponin
The regulatory protein that covers the myosin binding sites on actin is what?
Tropomyosin
The ____ ____ is the membrane sac (found in the axon terminal) that stores neurotransmitters
Synaptic vesicle
The _____ is the name of the plasma membrane of a muscle cell
Sarcolemma
Neurons that transmit impulses from sensory receptors in the skin toward the CNS are called _____ neurons
Afferent/sensory
The ____ ____ are the two ventricles found in the cerebral hemispheres
Lateral ventricles
The _____ ____ is the part of the cerebrum that is involved with motor functions, concentration, decision making, planning, and personality
Frontal lobe
The _____ ____ is a band of white matter that connects the two hemispheres of the cerebrum
Corpus callosum
The ____ _____ is the part of the cerebrum that processes visual information and stores visual memories
Occipital lobe
The ___ ____ is the ventricle found in the brainstem, anterior to the cerebellum
4th ventricle
The cranial nerve involved in the senses of hearing and equilibrium is called what?
Vestibulocochlear nerve (crainial nerve VIII)
One cranial nerve that only controls movement of the eye ball is the trochlear nerve. The other cranial nerve that only controls the movement of the eyeball (and does not change pupil size) is the what?
Abducens nerve
The ______ is the tube that drains cerebrospinal fluid from the 4th ventricle into the spinal cord
Central canal
The _____ is the bridge that relays information between the medulla oblongata and higher brain regions
Pons
Cranial nerve 9 (IX) is called the ______ nerve
Glossopharyngeal
The _____ _____ are the four bumps (also called colliculi) that are involved in visual and auditory reflexes
Corpora quadrigemina
The _____ _____ is the part of the cerebrum that processes sensory information related to hearing and smell
Temporal lobe
The ___ ____ is the endocrine gland that secretes melatonin, which is a hormone that regulates circadian rhythms
Pineal gland
The _____ _____ is the space underneath the arachnoid mater that is filled with CSF
Subarachnoid space
The cranial nerve involved in movement of the facial muscles, regulates lacrimal glands and salivary glands, and is involved with the sense of taste from the anterior 2/3 of the lounge is called what?
Facial nerve (VII)
What is the order of the cranial nerves top to bottom
- Olfactory
- Optic
- Oculomotor
- Trochlear
- Trigeminal
- Abducens
- Facial
- Vestibulocochlear
- Hypoglossal
- Glossopharyngeal
- Vagus
- Accessory
The cranial nerve involved with the sense of vision is the what?
Optic nerve (II)
Which two nerves do not change pupil size are what?
Abducens and trochlear
Cranial nerve 2 is called what?
Optic
The ____ ____ is the endocrine gland that is located inferior to the hypothalamus. It secretes hormones related to growth, blood pressure, and the secretion of sex hormones
Pituitary gland
The ____ ____ ____ is the space between the layers of the dura mater where blood is found
Dural venous sinus
The muscle that closes your eyelids is the what?
Orbicularis oculi
What side of the leg is the tibialis anterior on?
Anterior
The tibialis anterior ______ the foot at the tibiotarsal joint
Dorsiflexes
True or false? The masseter is one muscle that elevates the mandible (allowing you to clench your jaw)
True
When the internal intercostal muscles contract, the size of the thoracic cavity does what?
Decreases
The internal intercostals assist with the process of what?
Exhalation
What side of the thigh is the gracilis found on?
Medial
What action does the gracialis do to the femur at the coxal joint?
Adducts
What is the muscle that allows you to raise your eyebrows?
Frontalis
What side of the arm is the flexor carpi ulnaris found?
Anterior
What action does the flexor carpi ulnaris do to the hand at the wrist joint?
Flexes
What side of the thigh is the semitendinosus found?
Posterior
What action does the semitendinosus do to the tibia at the tibiofemoral joint?
Flexes
The triceps brachii is found on which side of the arm?
Posterior
What action does the triceps brachii do to the radius and ulna at the elbow?
Extends
The brachioradialis is found on which side of the arm?
Anterior
The brachioradialis does what action to the radius and ulna at the elbow?
Flexes
What side of the humerus is the latissimus dorsi found?
Anterior/posterior
The latissimus dorsi does what action to the humerus at the glenohumeral joint?
Adducts
What is the muscle that closes your lips?
Orbicularis oris
The deltoid is found on what side of the humerus?
Anterior/lateral
The deltoid does what action to the humerus at the glenohumeral joint?
Flexes
The vastus medialis is found on what side of the thigh?
Anterior
The vastus medialis does what action to the tibia at the tibiofemoral joint?
Extends
The biceps femoris is found on what side of the thigh?
Posterior
The biceps femoris does what action to the femur at the coxal joint?
Extends
The external oblique muscles are found on which side of the torso?
Lateral
The external oblique muscles move the torso which direction?
Laterally
True or false? The orbicularis oris is one muscle that elevates the mandible (allowing you to clench your jaw)
False
The palmaris longus is found on which side of the arm?
Anterior
The palmaris longus does what action to the hand at the wrist joint?
Flexes
The pectoralis major is found on which side of the humerus?
Anterior/lateral
The pectoralis major does what action to the humerus at the glenohumeral joint?
Flexes
The latissimus dorsi is found on which side of the humerus?
Posterior
The latissimus dorsi does what action to the humerus at the glenohumeral joint?
Extends
What are the carpal bones named, from top 4, thumb to pinky, then bottom four thumb to pinky?
Top: 1. Trapezium 2. Trapezoid 3. Capitate 4. Hamate
Bottom: 1. Scaphoid 2. Lunate 3. Triquetrum 4. Pisiform
Which nerve collects information from the skin of the shoulder?
Axillary nerve
Which nerve controls the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle?
Ulnar
This component of the reflex arc are dendrites of sensory neurons that detect stimuli like temperature, pain, and pressure
Receptors
The white connective tissue layer on the outside of most of the eyeball is called what?
Sclera
The enlargement along the dorsal root of a spinal nerve (where the cell bodies of sensory neurons are found) is called the what?
Dorsal root ganglion
The thick myofilaments of a sarcomere are made with what protein?
Myosin
The H-zone of a sarcomere has only which filament?
Myosin/thick
The name of the zig-zagging structure on each end of the sarcomere is called what?
Z disc
The name of the dark band of proteins in the middle of the sarcomere that anchors the thick myofilaments is the called what?
M line
The long yellow lines on the model represents what protein?
Tropomyosin
What is the fatty layer that surrounds and electrically insulates the axon, speeding up nerve impulses?
Myelin sheath
What is the region of the neuron that receives incoming signals and conveys them toward the cell body?
Dendrites
The thin myofilaments of a sarcomere are made with which protein?
Actin
The outer regions of the sarcomere where only thin filaments are present is called what?
I bands
What is the middle layer of the meninges that has stringy proteins that make it look like a spiderweb?
Arachnoid mater
What is the name of cranial nerve number 4?
Trochlear
What is the cranial nerve that regulates the muscles of the tongue and pharynx and is involved in the sense of taste from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Which layer of the meningies is the deepest, thinnest layer and is attached to the outer surface of the brain?
Pia mater
What is the part of the cerebrum that is deep to the temporal lobe. It is involved with memory & the interpretation of taste information?
Insula
The cranial nerve involved with movement of the eyeball AND regulates pupil size and lens shape is what?
Oculomotor (III)
What is the region of the brain stem that has reflex centers for vomiting, swallowing, and gastrointestinal functions. It also has cardiac & respiratory control centers?
Medulla
What is cranial nerve 12 called?
Hypoglossal
What cranial nerve regulates contraction of the tongue muscles?
Hypoglossal (XII)
What cranial nerve regulates the contraction of the head and neck muscles (specifically, the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles)?
Accessory (XI)
What is cranial nerve 5 called?
Trigeminal
What is the tube that drains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the 4th ventricle into the spinal cord?
Central canal
What is the relay center for information going to & from the cerebrum. It also filters sight & sound information?
Thalamus
What is the name of cranial nerve 12?
Hypoglossal
What is the cranial nerve that regulates contraction of the tongue muscles?
12, hypoglossal
The cranial nerve that regulates the contraction of the head and neck muscles (specifically, the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles) is called what?
Accessory nerve (XI)
What is cranial nerve 5 called?
Trigeminal
What is the tube that drains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the 4th ventricle into the spinal cord?
Central canal
What is the relay center for information going to & from the cerebrum. It also filters sight & sound information?
Thalamus
What is the ventricle found in the brainstem, anterior to the cerebellum?
4th ventricle
The gluteus medius is found on which side of the thigh?
Lateral
The gluteus medius does what action to the femur at the coxal joint?
Abducts
The internal oblique muscles are found on what side of the torso?
Lateral
The internal oblique muscles move the torso ______
Laterally
The extensor carpi radiallis is found on which side of the arm?
Posterior
The extensory carpi radialis does what to the hand at the wrist joint?
Extends
The gastrocnemius is found on which side of the leg?
Posterior
The gastrocnemius does what action to the foot at the tibiotarsal joint?
Plantarflexes
What muscle closes your eyelids?
Orbicularis oculi
The biceps femoris does what to the tibia at the tibiofemoral joint?
Flexes
The vastus lateralis is found on what side of the thigh?
Anterior
The vastus lateralis does what to the tibia at the tibiofemoral joint?
Extends
What does the semitendinosus do to the femur at the coxal joint?
Extends
Where is the rectus femoris found?
Anterior side of the thigh
What does the rectus femoris do to the femur at the coxal joint?
Flexes
The gluteus maximus is found on which side of the thigh?
Posterior
What does the gluteus maximus do to the femur at the coxal joint?
Extends
What are the menigial layers, deep to superficial?
Pia –> Arachnoid –> Dura
The columns of myelinated axons on the outer surface of the spinal cord, surrounding the gray matter horns are called what?
White matter funculi
The enlarged region of a semicircular canal where rotational equilibrium is detacted is called what?
Ampulla
The regions of gray matter that are anterior in the spinal cord and contain the cell bodies of motor neurons are called what?
Ventral horns
This component of the reflex arc transmits the sensory impulses to the CNS
Sensory neurons
The regions of gray matter that are lateral in the spinal cord and have autonomic motor neurons are called what?
Lateral gray horns
The extension of the pia mater that anchors the spinal cord in place is called the what?
Filum terminale
The internal blood supply for the eyeball is called what?
Choroid
The white connective tissue layer on the outside of most of the eyeball is called the what?
Sclera
The I band only has what filament?
Thin
The _______ are the kind of chemical messages released from a neuron
Neurotransmitters
The ______ is the location where a neuron meets with amother cell to send a message
Synapse
A _______ is the contractile unit of a muscle fiber
Sarcomere
The H zone has which filament?
Thick
Myosin and actin overlap where?
A band
Long protein tube made of many groups of actin and myosin filaments
Myofibrils
The blood filled space where extra CSF returns to the blood stream
Dural venous sinus
The _____ mater is the deepest, thinnest layer of the meninges and is attached to the outer surface of the brain
Pia
What is part of the cerebrum that is deep to the temporal lobe and is involved with memory and the interpretation of taste information?
Insula
What region of the brain stem has reflex sensors for vomiting swallowing and GI functions?
Medulla
The green dots on the model represent what?
Troponin
What is the smooth ER of muscle cells. This stores calcium when a muscle is not contracting
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
What is the region of the neuron that recieves incoming signals and conveys then toward the cell body?
Dendrites
What is a long tube made of many groups of actin and myosin?
Myofibril
What are the tubes that move CSF from the lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle?
Interventricular foramen
What is the relay center of the brain?
Thalamus
What is cranial nerve 7?
Facial
What is cranial nerve 8?
Vestibulocochlear
Which meninge is attached to the bones of the skull?
Dura mater
Which ventricle is found in the diencephalon?
3rd
The cranial nerve that collects sensory information frim the thoracic and abdiminal viscera and controls parasympathetic regulation of the heart, lungs, and abdominal organs is what?
Vagus (10/X)
Does the temporalis elevate the mandible?
Yes
The pectoralis major is found on what side of them humerus?
Lateral
What action does the pectoralis do to the humerus?
Adducts
