Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P 1 Summer 2023 > A&P Chapter 13 > Flashcards

A&P Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

What is cranial nerve I?

A

Olfactory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does cranial nerve I do?

A

Sense of smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is cranial nerve II?

A

Optic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does cranial nerve II do?

A

Sense of vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is cranial nerve III?

A

Oculomotor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does cranial nerve III do?

A

Controls muscles that move eye, lift eyelid, and change pupil diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is cranial nerve IV?

A

Trochlear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does cranial nerve IV do?

A

Controls superior oblique eye muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is cranial nerve V?

A

Trigeminal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does cranial nerve V do?

A

Somatic sensation from face, chewing movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is cranial nerve VI?

A

Abducens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does cranial nerve VI do?

A

Controls lateral rectus muscle that abducts eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is cranial nerve VII?

A

Facial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does cranial nerve VII do?

A

Controls muscles of facial expression and provides signals for taste from tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is cranial nerve VIII?

A

Vestibulocochlear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does cranial nerve VIII do?

A

Senses of hearing and equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is cranial nerve IX?

A

Glossopharyngeal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does cranial nerve IX do?

A

Taste and touch from tongue; control of a pharynx muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is cranial nerve X?

A

Vagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does cranial nerve X do?

A

Visceral sensation; parasympathetic nerve to many organs of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is cranial nerve XI?

A

Accessory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does cranial nerve XI do?

A

Controls muscles of the neck and pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is cranial nerve XII?

A

Hypoglossal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does cranial nerve XII do?

A

Controls tongue muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is a nerve?

A

Cordlike organ of PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What makes up a nerve?

A

Bundle of myelinated and nonmyelinated peripheral axons enclosed by connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the two types of nerves?

A

Spinal or cranial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What dictates the two types of nerves?

A

Where they originate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Most nerves are mixtures of what?

A

Afferent/Efferent fibers and somatic/autonomic (visceral) fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How are nerves classified?

A

According to the direction they transmit impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are mixed nerves

A

Sensory and motor fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Where does the impulse travel in mixed nerves?

A

To and from the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Where does the impulse travel in sensory/afferent nerves?

A

Oly towards CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is somatic afferent?

A

Sensory from muscle to brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is visceral afferent?

A

Sensory from organs to brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Where does the impulse travel in motor/efferent nerves?

A

Only away from the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is somatic efferent?

A

Motor from brain to muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is visceral efferent?

A

Motor from brain to organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Mature neurons are _______

A

Amitotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

If the soma/cell body of the damaged nerve is intact, then the peripheral axon may regenerate in which nervous system

A

PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

CNS axons do NOT _____

A

Regenerate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

PNS axons can regenerate if damage is not ______

A

Severe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the process of PNS axons regenerating?

A
  1. Axon fragments and myelin sheaths distal to injury degenerate (Wallerian degeneration); degeneration spreads down axon
  2. Macrophages clean dead axon debris; Schwann cells are stimulated to divide
  3. Axon filaments grow through regeneration tube
  4. Axon regenerates, and new myelin sheath forms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is visceral pain?

A

Stimulation of visceral organ receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

How does visceral pain feel?

A

Vague aching, gnawing, and burning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What activates visceral pain?

A

Tissue stretching, ischemia, chemicals, muscle spasms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is referred pain?

A

Pain from one body region perceived as coming from a different region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What causes referred pain?

A

Visceral and somatic pain fibers travel along the same nerves, so brain assumes stimulus comes from common (somatic) region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is an example of referred pain?

A

Left arm pain during MI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Long -lasting or intense pain, such as a limb amputation can lead to what?

A

Hyperalgesia, chronic pain, and phantom limb pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is hyperalgesia?

A

Pain amplification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is phantom limb pain?

A

Pain felt in limb that has been amputated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

How is phantom limb pain prevented?

A

Epidural anesthesia is used during surgery to reduce phantom pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

How are mixed nerves named?

A

Point of issue from the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Spinal nerves supply all body parts except what?

A

Head and part of the neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

How many pairs of cervical nerves are there?

A

8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

How many pairs of thoracic nerves are there?

A

12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

How many pairs of lumbar nerves are there?

A

5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

How many pairs of sacral nerves are there?

A

5 pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

How many pairs of the tiny coccygeal nerves are there?

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What is the range of cervical nerves?

A

C1-C8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What is the range of thoracic nerves?

A

T1-T12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What is the range of lumbar nerves?

A

L1-L5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What is the range of sacral nerves?

A

S1-S5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What is the range of coccygeal nerves?

A

C0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Each spinal nerve has these two things:

A

Ventral roots and dorsal roots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What are the ventral roots associated with?

A

Motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What are the dorsal roots associated with?

A

Sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

The dorsal and ventral roots branch as rootlets, then join to form what?

A

Spinal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What is ganglia?

A

Nerve cell bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

How long are spinal nerves?

A

~1-2cm

73
Q

Almost immediately after exiting the foramen, spinal nerves divide into what three branches?

A
  1. Posterior/Dorsal ramus
  2. Anterior/Ventral ramus
  3. Meningeal branch
74
Q

What is the posterior/dorsal ramus?

A

Smaller branch

75
Q

What is the anterior/ventral ramus?

A

Larger branch

76
Q

What is the meningeal branch?

A

Tiny branch that reenters vertebral canal to innervate meninges and blood vessels

77
Q

What do rami communicantes contain?

A

Autonomic nerve fibers that join ventral rami in the thoracic region

78
Q

What are dermatomes?

A

Segment of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve

79
Q

Some dermatomes overlap in what regions?

A

Innervated

80
Q

What is an example of a dermatome overlapping?

A

T10 dermatome = horizontal ring of skin around the umbilicus

81
Q

What do dermatomes help?

A

Can help localize damage to one or more spinal nerves

82
Q

What is an example of dermatomes helping localize damage?

A

Loss of sensation on medial arm and forearm indicates C8 damage

83
Q

What type of pain are dermatomes involved in?

A

Visceral pain

84
Q

What is a nerve plexus?

A

Network of interweaving antterior rami of spinal nerves

85
Q

How many plexuses occur bilaterally?

A

4

86
Q

What are the four main plexuses that occur bilaterally?

A
  1. Cervical
  2. Brachial
  3. Lumbar
  4. Sacral
87
Q

What does not form plexuses?

A

Most thoracic spinal nerves and nerves S5-Co1

88
Q

Individual rami branch _____

A

Repeatedly

89
Q

What does it mean for damage when individual rami branch repeatedly?

A

Damage to one nerve or spinal segment does not deprive a muscle or skin region of all innervation

90
Q

The anterior rami of nerves C1-C4 innervate what?

A

Anterior neck muscles, skin of neck, and portions of the head and shoulders

91
Q

The rami of C3-C5 gives rise to what?

A

The phrenic nerve

92
Q

What does the phrenic nerve innervate?

A

Diaphragm

93
Q

What nerves are in the cervical plexus?

A

C1-C4

94
Q

Which cervical nerve is not considered part of the cervical plexus?

A

C5

95
Q

Irritation of the phrenic nerve causes what?

A

Spasms of the diaphragm

96
Q

What are spasms of the diaphragm called?

A

Hiccups

97
Q

If both phrenic nerves are severed, or the C3-C5 region of the spinal cord is destroyed, what happens to the diaphragm?

A

Diaphragm becomes paralyzed

98
Q

What happens when the diaphragm becomes paralyzed?

A

Respiratory arrest occurs, victim requires mechanical respirators to stay alive

99
Q

C3, C4, and C5 keeps the diaphragm ______

A

Alive

100
Q

What are the 5 major terminal branches of the brachial plexus?

A
  1. Axillary nerve
  2. Median nerve
  3. Musculocutaneous nerve
  4. Radial nerve
  5. Ulnar nerve
101
Q

Where is the axillary nerve?

A

To deltoid and teres major muscles

102
Q

What does the axillary nerve do?

A

Sensory input from superolateral arm

103
Q

Where is the median nerve?

A

To most anterior forearm muscles and hand muscles

104
Q

What does the median nerve do?

A

Sensory input from palmar side and dorsal tips of most fingers, except the pinkie

105
Q

Where is the musculocutaneous nerve?

A

Anterior arm muscles (like the biceps brachii)

106
Q

What does the musculocutaneous nerve do?

A

Sensory input from lateral forearm

107
Q

Where is the radial nerve?

A

To posterior arm muscles (like the triceps brachii) and posterior forearm muscles

108
Q

What does the radial nerve do?

A

Sensory input from posterior arm, forearm, and dorsolateral hand

109
Q

Where is the ulnar nerve?

A

To anterior forearm muscles, most intrinsic hand muscles

110
Q

What does the ulnar nerve do?

A

Sensory input from palmar and dorsal aspect of two medial fingers

111
Q

Trauma to the radial nerve results in what?

A

Wrist drop

112
Q

What is wrist drop?

A

Inability to extend the hand at the wrist

113
Q

Improper use of a crutch can compress the ____ nerve and impairs it’s blood supply

A

Radial

114
Q

What is “Saturday night paralysis”?

A

An intoxicated person falls asleep with arm draped over the back of a chair or sofa edge, cutting off blood supply to the radial nerve

115
Q

The ulnar nerve is very _____ to injury

A

Vulnerable

116
Q

Severe or chronic damage to the ulnar nerve can lead to what?

A

Sensory loss, paralysis, and muscle atrophy

117
Q

Severe or chronic damage to the ulnar nerve causes the hand to contort into what?

A

A clawhand

118
Q

What is a clawhand?

A

Trouble making a fist and gripping objects. Little and ring fingers become hyperextended at the knuckles and flexed at distal interphalangeal joints

119
Q

What is striking the “funny bone”?

A

The spot where the ulnar nerve rests against the medial epicondyle, causes the pinkie finger to tingle

120
Q

What is the lumbar plexus?

A

L1-L4

121
Q

What does the lumbar plexus do?

A

Innervates thigh, abdominal wall, and psoas muscle

122
Q

What does the femoral merve do?

A

Innervates quadriceps and skin of anterior thigh and medial surface of the leg

123
Q

What does the obturator nerve do?

A

Passes through obturator foramen to innervate adductor muscles

124
Q

What is the sacral plexus?

A

L4-S4

125
Q

What does the sacral plexus serve?

A

Buttock, lower limb, pelvic structures, and perineum

126
Q

What is the sciatc nerve?

A

Longest and thickest nerve of the body

127
Q

What does the sciatic nerve do?

A

Innervates hamstring muscles, adductor magnus, and most muscles in the leg and foot

128
Q

What two nerves compose the sciatic nerve?

A

Tibial and common fibular

129
Q

What is sciatica characterized by?

A

Stabbing pain radiating over the course of the sciatic nerve

130
Q

What can injure the sciatic nerve?

A

A fall, disc herniation, or a badly placed injection into the buttock

131
Q

If the sciatic nerve is transected, what happens to the leg?

A

Leg is nearly useless and cannot be flexed because the hamstrings are paralyzed

132
Q

If the sciatic nerve is transected, what happens to the foot and ankle?

A

Foot and ankle cannot move at all, so foot drops into plantar flexion

133
Q

What is footdrop?

A

Foot drops into plantar flexion

134
Q

Recovery from sciatic nerve injury is usually ____ and _____

A

Slow and incomplete

135
Q

For sciatic nerve injury below the knee, thigh muscles are _____

A

Spared

136
Q

If the tibial nerve is injured, the paralyzed calf muscles cannot do what action?

A

Plantar flex foot

137
Q

What creates a shuffling gait?

A

When the calf muscles cannot plantar flex the foot

138
Q

What is a reflex?

A

Involuntary responses

139
Q

What is required to initiate a reflex?

A

Stimulus

140
Q

The response of a reflex is _____

A

Rapid

141
Q

Only a few neurons are involved in ____

A

Reflexes

142
Q

The response in reflexes are ______

A

Preprogrammed; always the same

143
Q

Reflexes are _______

A

Involuntary; no intent or awareness of the reflex before it happens

144
Q

A reflex is a ______ mechanism

A

Survival

145
Q

Why is a reflex a survival mechanism?

A

We respond to a potentially detrimental stimulus immediately and awareness comes later

146
Q

What are the five basic components of all reflex arcs?

A
  1. Receptor
  2. Sensory neuron
  3. Integration center
  4. Motor neuron
  5. Effector
147
Q

How can reflexes vary?

A
  1. Spinal or cranial
  2. Somatic or visceral
  3. Monosynaptic or polysynaptic
  4. Ipsilateral or contralateral
  5. Innate or acquired
148
Q

What does spinal or cranial mean?

A

Is the spinal cord or brain the reflex integration center?

149
Q

What does somatic or visceral mean?

A

Is the effector a skeletal msucle or is it cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, a gland?

150
Q

What does monosynaptic or polysynaptic mean?

A

Do sensory neurons synapse directly with motor neurons or are there interneurons in the reflex arc?

151
Q

What does ipsilateral or contralateral mean?

A

Are receptors and effectors on the same side of the body or on opposite sides?

152
Q

What does innate or acquired mean?

A

Are you born with the reflex or do you develop it after birth

153
Q

What is an inborn (intrinsic) reflex?

A

Rapid, involuntary, predictable motor response to a stimulus

154
Q

What are examples of an inborn reflex?

A

Maintain posture, control visceral activites

155
Q

Inborn reflexes can be modified by what?

A

Learning and concious effort

156
Q

What are learned (acquired) reflexes?

A

Result from practive or repetition

157
Q

What is an example of learned reflexes?

A

Driving skills

158
Q

Reflexes are classified functionally as what two things?

A

Somatic and autonomic

159
Q

What do somatic reflexes do?

A

Activate skeletal muscle

160
Q

What do autonomic (visceral) reflexes do?

A

Activate visceral effectors (like smooth or cardiac muscle or glands)

161
Q

What is a monosynaptic reflex?

A

Direct communication between the sensory and motor neuron

162
Q

What is an example of a monosynaptic reflex?

A

Stretch reflex

163
Q

What is a polysynaptic reflex?

A

Interneuron facilitates sensory-motor communication

164
Q

What is an example of a polysynaptic reflex?

A

Withdrawal reflex

165
Q

Reflexes are useful for what?

A

Diagnoses

166
Q

What can reflexes test?

A

Function of specific muscles, nerves, and spinal segments

167
Q

What is a hypoactive reflex?

A

Diminished or absent

168
Q

What does a hypoactive reflex indicate?

A

Damage to the spinal cord, muscle disease, or damage to neuromuscular junction

169
Q

What is a hyperactive reflex?

A

Abnormally strong response

170
Q

What does a hyperactive reflex indicate?

A

Damage to brain or spinal cord, especially if accompanied by clonus

171
Q

What is clonus?

A

Rhythmic oscillating movements with reflex testing

172
Q

Stretch reflexes can be hypoactive or absent if what happens?

A

Peripheral nerve damage or ventral horn injury has occured

173
Q

Stretch reflexes are absent in who?

A

People with chronic diabetes mellitus or neurosyphilis, and during coma

174
Q

Stretch reflexes can be hyperactive if what occurs?

A

Lesions of corticospinal tract reduce inhibitory effect of brain on the spinal cord

175
Q

If the primary motor cortex or corticospinal tract is damaged, what happens to the plantar reflex?

A

Replaced by an abnormal reflex called the Babinski’s sign

176
Q

What is Babinski’s sign?

A

Great toe dorsiflexes and smaller toes fan laterally

177
Q

Why do infants exhibit Babinski’s sign?

A

Their nervous systems are not completely myelinated

178
Q

When do infants stop exhibiting Babinski’s sign?

A

Until they are about a year old

A&P 1 Summer 2023 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions