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A&P 1 Summer 2023 > A&P Chapter 11 > Flashcards

A&P Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

Master controlling and communicating system of the body

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2
Q

What are the three overlapping functions of the nervous system?

A

Sensory input, integration, and motor output

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3
Q

What is sensory input?

A

Information gathered by sensory receptors about internal and external changes

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4
Q

What is integration?

A

Processing and interpretation of sensory input

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5
Q

What is motor output?

A

Activation of effector organs (muscles and glands) produces a response

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6
Q

What are the parts of the central nervous system (CNS)?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

What are the parts of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A

Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and ganglia

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8
Q

What is the brain?

A

Receives and processes sensory information, initiates responses, stores memories, generates thoughts and emotions

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9
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A

Conducts signals to and from the brain, controls reflex activities

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10
Q

Where does the impulse go in motor neurons?

A

CNS to muscles and glands

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11
Q

Where does the impulse go in sensory neurons?

A

Sensory organs to CNS

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12
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

Controls voluntary movements

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13
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

Controls involuntary responses

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14
Q

What is the sympathetic division?

A

Fight or flight

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15
Q

What is the parasympathetic division?

A

Rest or digest

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16
Q

How is the peripheral nervous system broken down?

A

Motor neurons and sensory neurons

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17
Q

How are motor neurons broken down?

A

Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

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18
Q

How is the autonomic nervous system broken down?

A

Sympathetic division and parasympathetic division

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19
Q

What are the two cell types in nervous tissue?

A

Neuroglia (glial cells) and neurons (nerve cells)

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20
Q

What are neuroglia (glial cells)?

A

Small cells that surround and wrap delicate neurons

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21
Q

What are neurons (nerve cells)?

A

Excitable cells that transmit electrical signals

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22
Q

What are the functions of a oligodendrocyte?

A
  1. Myelinates and insulates CNS axons
  2. Allows faster action potential propagation along axons in the CNS
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23
Q

What are the functions of an astrocyte?

A
  1. Helps form the blood-brain barrier
  2. Regulates interstitial fluid composition
  3. Provides structural support and organization to the CNS
  4. Assists with neuronal development
  5. Replicates to occupy space of dying neurons
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24
Q

What are the functions of an ependymal cell?

A
  1. Lines ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord
  2. Assists in production and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid
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25
Q

What are the functions of a microglial cell?

A
  1. Phagocytic cells that move through the CNS
  2. Protects the CNS by engulfing infections and other potential harmful substances
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26
Q

What are the neuroglia of the CNS?

A

Astrocyte, ependymal cell, microglial cell, and oligodendrocyte

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27
Q

What are the neuroglia of the PNS?

A

Satellite cells and Schwann cells

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28
Q

What do satellite cells and Schwann cells do in the PNS?

A

Surround neurons

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29
Q

What do Schwann cells form?

A

Myelin sheaths

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30
Q

What are the general characteristics of neurons?

A
  1. Excitability
  2. Conductivity
  3. Extreme longevity (lasts a person’s lifetime)
  4. Antimitotic (few exceptions)
  5. High metabolic rate
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31
Q

What do neurons need a continuous supply of?

A

Oxygen and glucose

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32
Q

What is the cell body?

A

Biosynthetic center and receptive region that synthesizes proteins, membranes, and chemicals

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33
Q

What are the 2 alternate names of the cell body?

A

Perikaryon or soma

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34
Q

What is the rough ER in the cell body called?

A

Nissl bodies

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35
Q

What are dendrites?

A

Receptive (input) region of the neuron

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36
Q

What does each neuron contain?

A

One axon that starts at a cone-shaped area called the axon hillock

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37
Q

What shapes can an axon have?

A

Short, long, or absent

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38
Q

What are long axons called?

A

Nerve fibers

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39
Q

Axons have occasional branches, what are they called?

A

Axon collaterals

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40
Q

What are the distal endings of the neuron called?

A

Axon terminals or terminal boutons

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41
Q

What is the function of the axon?

A

Generates nerve impulses and transmits them along the axolemma to the axon terminal

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42
Q

What is the axolemma?

A

Neuron cell membrane

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43
Q

What is the axon terminal?

A

Region that secretes neurotransmitters

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44
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Chemical messengers

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45
Q

The axon can _____ or _____ neurons that it contacts

A

Excite or inhibit

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46
Q

What two directions does transport occur in the axon?

A

Anterograde and retrograde

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47
Q

What does anterograde mean?

A

Away from the cell body

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48
Q

What are some examples of anterograde transport?

A

Mitochondria, cytoskeletal elements, membrane components, enzymes

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49
Q

What does retrograde mean?

A

Toward cell body

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50
Q

What are some examples of retrograde transport?

A

Organelles to be degraded, signal molecules, viruses, and bacterial toxins

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51
Q

What do certain viruses and bacterial toxins damage, and how?

A

They damage neural tissues by using retrograde axonal transport

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52
Q

What are some examples of viruses and bacterial toxins that use retrograde axonal transport?

A

Polio, rabies, herpes simplex viruses, and the tetanus toxin

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53
Q

Most neuron cell bodies are located in which NS?

A

CNS

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54
Q

What are nuclei?

A

Clusters of neuron cell bodies in the CNS

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55
Q

What are ganglia?

A

Clusters of neuron cell bodies in the PMS

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56
Q

The CNS contains what in the armlike processes that extend from the cell body?

A

Both neuron cell bodies and their processess

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57
Q

The PNS contains what in the armlike processes that extends from the cell body?

A

Neuron processes

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58
Q

What are tracts?

A

Bundles of neuron processes (axons) in the CNS

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59
Q

What are nerves?

A

Bundles of neuron processes (axons) in the PNS

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60
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

Whitish, protein-lipid substance that protects and insulates the axon and increases the speed of nerve impulses

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61
Q

Nonmyelinated fibers do not contain what?

A

Myelin sheath

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62
Q

Nonmyelinated fibers conduct impulses more _______ when compared to myelinated fibers

A

Slowly

63
Q

Myelination in the PNS is formed by what?

A

Schwann cells

64
Q

One cell forms ___ segment of myelin sheath (PNS)

A

One

65
Q

What is the outer collar of perinuclear cytoplasm? (PNS)

A

Peripheral bulge containing nucleus and most of the cytoplasm

66
Q

What was the previous name of the outer collar of perinuclear cytoplasm? (PNS)

A

Neurilemma

67
Q

How do Schwann cells wrap around the axon? (PNS)

A

“Jelly roll” fashion

68
Q

What are myelin sheath gaps/Nodes of Ranvier? (PNS)

A

Gaps between adjacent Schwann cells

69
Q

Axon collaterals can emerge from where? (PNS)

A

Axon collaterals

70
Q

What are nonmyelinated fibers? (PNS)

A

Thin fibers not wrapped in myelin. They are surrounded by Schwann cells but no coiling. One cell may surround 15 fibers

71
Q

Myelination in the CNS is formed by what?

A

Oligodendrocytes, not whole cells

72
Q

Each oligodendrocyte cell can wrap how many axons at once? (CNS)

A

60

73
Q

The myelin sheath gap is present in which NS?

A

CNS

74
Q

There is no outer collar of perinuclear cytoplasm in which NS?

A

CNS

75
Q

What is white matter? (CNS)

A

Regions of the brain and spinal cord with myelinated fibers

76
Q

What is gray matter? (CNS)

A

Neuron cell bodies and nonmyelinated fibers

77
Q

What are the structural classes of neurons?

A

Multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar (psuedounipolar)

78
Q

What is a multipolar neuron?

A

Many processes extend from the cell body. All are dendrites except for a single axon

79
Q

What is a bipolar neuron?

A

Two processes extend from the cell body. One is a fused dendrite and the other is an axon

80
Q

What is a unipolar (psuedounipolar) neuron?

A

One process extends from the cell body and forms central and peripheral processes, which together comprise an axon

81
Q

Many bipolar neurons do not generate what?

A

Action potentials

82
Q

In bipolar neurons, the ones that generates an action potential has the location of the trigger zone that is not ________

A

Universal

83
Q

Multipolar neurons have what two types of neurons?

A

Motor and interneurons

84
Q

Bipolar neurons have what type of neurons?

A

Special sensory (Retina)

85
Q

Unipolar neurons have what type of neurons?

A

Sensory

86
Q

What is the receptive region of a neuron?

A

Receives stimulus

87
Q

What is the conducting region of a neuron?

A

Generates/transmits action potential

88
Q

What is the secretory region of a neuron?

A

Axon terminals release neurotransmitters

89
Q

What is the most abundant neuron type?

A

Multipolar

90
Q

What is the major neuron type in the CNS?

A

Multipolar

91
Q

How often are bipolar neurons found?

A

Rarely

92
Q

Where are bipolar neurons found?

A

Some special sensory organs (olfactory mucosa, eye, ear)

93
Q

Where are unipolar neurons found?

A

Mainly in the PNS

94
Q

Where are unipolar neurons commonly found within the PNS?

A

Dorsal rot ganglia of the spinal cord and sensory ganglia of the cranial nerves

95
Q

What is multiple sclerosis?

A

Progressive demyelination of neurons in the CNS

96
Q

What type of disorder is multiple sclerosis considered and why?

A

Autoimmune because oligodendrocytes are attacked by immune cells

97
Q

What is the physiology of multiple sclerosis?

A

Repeated inflammatory events cause scarring and permanent loss of function

98
Q

What is Guillain-Barrè syndorme?

A

Loss of myelin from peripheral nerves due to inflammation

99
Q

How does muscle weakness progress in Guillain-Barrè syndrome?

A

Begins in distal limbs, then advances to proximal muscles

100
Q

What is the prognosis for Guillain-Barrè syndrome?

A

Most function is recovered with little medical intervention

101
Q

Neurons have a resting membrane potential, what is a RMP?

A

A charge across the cell membrane due to ion distribution

102
Q

What is the resting membrane potential of a neuron at rest?

A

-70 mV, but can rapidly change as ions are redistributed

103
Q

Extracellular fluid has a higher concentration of ______ than intracellular fluid

A

Na+, balanced by Chloride ions (Cl-)

104
Q

Intracellular fluid has a higher concentration of _____ than extracellular fluid

A

K+, balanced by negatively charged proteins

105
Q

Which ion has the most important role in membrane potential?

A

K+

106
Q

The membrane potential is (number) times more permeable to (which ion) than (which ion)

A

25 times more permeable to K+ than sodium

107
Q

K+ diffuses out _____ the concentration gradient (more than sodium diffuses in)

A

Along

108
Q

Because K+ diffuses out along the gradient more than sodium diffuses in, the inside is more ______

A

Negative (-)

109
Q

What are the two main types of ion channels?

A

Leakage (non-gated) channels = Always open
Gated channels = Protein changes shape to open/close the channel

110
Q

How does the Na+/K+ pump maintain the membrane potential?

A

By pumping 3 Na+ out for 2 K+ in (3 out, 2 in)

111
Q

What is the concentration of Na+ on the outside of the cell?

A

140 mM

112
Q

What is the concentration of K+ on the outside of the cell?

A

5 mM

113
Q

What is the concentration of K+ on the inside of the cell?

A

140 mM

114
Q

What is the concentration of Na+ on the inside of the cell?

A

15 mM

115
Q

The entire neuron has what three channels/pumps?

A

Na+/K+ pump, Na+ leak channel, and K+ leak channel

116
Q

What is the receptive segment of a neuron?

A

From cell body to dendrites

117
Q

What channels does the receptive segment have?

A

Chemically gated cation channel, chemically gated K+ channel, and chemically gated Cl- channel

118
Q

Where is the initial segment of a neuron?

A

Axon hillock

119
Q

What channels does the initial segment have?

A

Voltage-gated Na+ channel and voltage-gated K+ channel

120
Q

Where is the conductive segment of the neuron?

A

Axon

121
Q

What channels does the conductive segment have?

A

Voltage-gated Na+ channel and Voltage-gated K+ channel

122
Q

Where is the transmissive segment of the neuron?

A

Axon terminal

123
Q

What channels/pumps does the transmissive segment have?

A

Voltage-gated Ca2+ channel and Ca2+pump

124
Q

What two types of signals are produced by changes in ion concentrations?

A

Graded potentials and action potentials

125
Q

What are graded potentials?

A

Cause the inside of the cell to become either more negative or less negative

126
Q

What are action potentials?

A

All-or-nothing nerve impulse

127
Q

What is depolarization?

A

Inside of membrane becomes less negative than the resting membrane potential

128
Q

What is hyperpolarization?

A

Inside of membrane becomes more negative than the resting membrane potential

129
Q

What is the principal way neurons send signals?

A

Action potentials

130
Q

What are the only two things do action potentials occur in?

A

Muscle cells and axons of neurons

131
Q

Actions do not _____ over distance as graded potentials do

A

Decay

132
Q

Actions potentials are ____ - _____ - ______

A

All or none

133
Q

Action potentials involves the opening of what?

A

Specific voltage-gated channels

134
Q

What are the steps of action potential?

A
  1. Unstimulated/at rest
  2. Graded potentials reach the initial segment
  3. Depolarization
  4. Repolarization
  5. Hyperpolarization
  6. Returns to rest
135
Q

What is step 1 of an action potential?

A

The unstimulated axon has a resting membrane potential of -70 mV

136
Q

What is step 2 of an action potential?

A

Graded potentials reach the initial segment are added together

137
Q

What does the voltage go to in step 2 of an action potential?

A

-70 mV + -55 mV

138
Q

What happens every time the voltage reaches -55 mV?

A

The whole thing always occurs, All-or-None

139
Q

What is step 3 of an action potential?

A

Depolarization occurs when the threshold (-55 mV) is reached; voltage-gated Na+ channels open and Na+ enters rapidly, reversive the polarity from negative to positive

140
Q

What is the “threshold” of an action potential?

A

-55 mV

141
Q

What does the voltage go to during step 3 of an action potential?

A

-55 mV –> +30 mV

142
Q

What is step 4 of an action potential?

A

Repolarization occurs due to the closure of voltage-gated Na+ channels (inactivation state) and opening of voltage-gated K+ channels. K+ moves out of the cell and polarity is reversed from positive to negative

143
Q

What happens to the voltage during step 4 of an action potential?

A

+30 mV –> 70 mV

144
Q

What is step 5 of an action potential?

A

Hyperpolarization occurs when voltage-gated K+ channels stay open longer than the time needed to reach the resting membrane potential. During this time, the membrane potential is less than the resting membrane potential

145
Q

What happens to the voltage during step 5 of an action potential?

A

-70 mV –> -80 mV

146
Q

What is step 6 of an action potential?

A

Voltage-gated K+ channels are closed, and the plasma membrane has returned to resting conditions by activity of Na+/k+ pumps

147
Q

What happens to the voltage during step 6 of an action potential?

A

-80 mV –> -70 mV

148
Q

Voltage-gated Na+ channels have ____ gates and alternate between ____ different states

A

2 gates, 3 different states

149
Q

What are the 3 different states of voltage-gated Na+ channels?

A
  1. Closed (no Na+ enters the cell)
  2. Opened (by depolarization, allows Na+ to enter the cell)
  3. Inactivated (blocked by inactivation gates soon after they open)
150
Q

Voltage-gated K+ channels have ____ gate and ____ states

A

1 gate, 2 states

151
Q

What are the two states of voltage-gated K+ channels?

A
  1. Closed (no K+ exits)
  2. Opened (by depolarization, allows K+ to exit the cell)
152
Q

Repolarization resets ____ conditions but not _____ conditions

A

Resets electrical conditions, not ionic conditions

153
Q

After repolarization, Na+/K+ pumps restore ______ conditions

A

Ionic

154
Q

What is propagation?

A

Allows the action potential to be transmitted down the entire axon towards the terminals

A&P 1 Summer 2023 (17 decks)

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