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A&P 1 Summer 2023 > A&P Chapter 7 > Flashcards

A&P Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones are in the body?

A

206

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2
Q

What bones are included in the axial skeleton?

A

The bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

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3
Q

How many bones are in the axial skeleton?

A

80

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4
Q

What bones are included in the appendicular skeleton?

A

The bones of the upper/lower limbs, shoulder, and hip girdle

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5
Q

How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

A

126

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6
Q

What is the most complex bony structure in the body?

A

The skull

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7
Q

What are the two sets of bones that the skull is formed of?

A

Cranial and facial bones

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8
Q

What do the cranial bones do for the skull?

A

Encloses the brain in the cranial cavity and provides the sites of attachment for head and neck muscles

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9
Q

What do the facial bones do for the skull?

A

Form framework of the face, contains cavities for special sense organs for sight/taste/smell, provides openings for air and food passage, secures teeth, and anchors facial muscles used for facial expression

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10
Q

Most skull bones are flat and firmly locked together, except for what skull bone?

A

Mandible

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11
Q

Joints in the skull are called _______

A

Sutures

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12
Q

What is the appearance of sutures?

A

Serrated, saw tooth appearance

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13
Q

What eight bones is the cranium composed of?

A

Frontal bone, parietal bone (2), occipital bone, temporal bones (2), sphenoid bone, and ethmoid bone

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14
Q

What are the skull bones to know for this chapter?

A

Frontal bone, parietal bone, temporal bone, sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone, lacrimal bone, nasal bone, zygomatic bone, maxilla, vomer, inferior nasal concha, sutural bone, and the mandible

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15
Q

The infant skull has ____ bones than the adult skull

A

More

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16
Q

How are skull bones connected in the infant skull?

A

Fontanelles

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17
Q

What are fontanelles?

A

Unossified remnants of fibrous membranes, that allows passage through the birth canal and allows brain growth

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18
Q

What are the four fontanelles?

A

Anterior, posterior, mastoid, and sphenoidal

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19
Q

Of the four fontanelles, which is the last to close?

A

Anterior fontanelle

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20
Q

Which tissue type are fontanelles made of?

A

Dense regular connective tissue

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21
Q

When do fontanelles usually close completely?

A

The first 2 years

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22
Q

How many bones are in the facial skeleton?

A

14

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23
Q

How many bones in the facial skeleton are paired?

A

12

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24
Q

Which bones in the facial skeleton are single?

A

Mandible and vomer

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25
Q

Which bones in the facial skeleton are paired?

A

Maxillary, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, palatine, and inferior nasal conchae

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26
Q

What bones comprise the facial bones?

A

Mandible, maxillary, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, palatine, vomer, and inferior nasal conchae

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27
Q

What does the hyoid bone provide?

A

An attachment point for neck muscles that raise and lower the larynx during swallowing and speech

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28
Q

What is special about the hyoid bone?

A

It’s the only bone of the body that does not articulate directly with another bone

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29
Q

Is the hyoid bone part of the skull?

A

No

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30
Q

Where is the hyoid bone located?

A

Lies just inferior to the mandible in the anterior neck

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31
Q

How long is the vertebral column, and how is it broken up?

A

~28” long, broken into 5 major regions

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32
Q

What are the five major regions of the vertebral column?

A

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacrum, Coccyx

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33
Q

How many vertebrae are in the cervical spine?

A

7

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34
Q

How many vertebrae are in the thoracic spine?

A

12

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35
Q

How many vertebrae are in the lumbar spine?

A

5

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36
Q

What is the sacrum?

A

One bone, formed from the fusion of several bones, it articulates with the hip

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37
Q

What is the coccyx?

A

Fused bones that form terminus of the vertebral column

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38
Q

How many curvatures are in the spine?

A

4

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39
Q

What does the curvatures of the spine do?

A

Helps increase resilience and flexibility of the spine

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40
Q

What are the four main curves of the spine?

A

Cervical, lumbar, thoracic, and sacral

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41
Q

Which two curves in the spine concave posteriorly?

A

Cervical and lumbar

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42
Q

Which two curves in the spine convex posteriorly?

A

Thoracic and sacral

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43
Q

Primary curvatures of the thorax and sacrum are convex at what point of time?

A

Birth

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44
Q

What does the convex curvature of the thorax and sacrum result in?

A

A C-shaped spine

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45
Q

Secondary curvature of the lumbar and cervical regions convex anteriorly in what point of development?

A

As the child develops, like when holding up head during tummy time, and crawling

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46
Q

What are intervertebral discs?

A

Discs between the vertebrae that acts as a shock absorber

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47
Q

What two parts are the intervertebral discs composed of?

A

Nucleus pulposus and anulus fibrosus

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48
Q

What is the nucleus pulposus and what does it do?

A

The inner gelatinous nucleus that gives the disc its elasticity and compressibility

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49
Q

What is the anulus fibrosus and what does it do?

A

The outer collar composed of collagen and fibrocartilage that limits expansion of the nucleus pulposus when compressed

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50
Q

As we age, what happens to the intervertebral discs?

A

Becomes thin, less hydrated, and less elastic

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51
Q

The risk of what increases as we age?

A

Disc hernination

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52
Q

How much height loss is common by age 55?

A

Several centimeters

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53
Q

As we age, what happens to the costal cartilages?

A

They ossify

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54
Q

What happens when the costal cartilages ossify?

A

The rigid thorax causes shallow breathing and less efficient gas exchange

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55
Q

All bones lose mass when we age, and the probability of what increases?

A

Fracture

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56
Q

All vertebrae have a common structural pattern consisting of what?

A

The body/centrum, vertebral foramen, and intervertebral foramen

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57
Q

What is the body/centrum of the vertabrae?

A

The anterior weight-bearing region

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58
Q

What is the vertebral foramen of the vertabrae?

A

Enclosure formed by body and vertebral arch coming together

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59
Q

What is the intervertebral foramen of the vertabrae?

A

Lateral openings between vertebrae for the passage of spinal nerves

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60
Q

What is C1 considered as?

A

The atlas

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61
Q

What is special about the Atlas/C1?

A

It has no body or spinous process

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62
Q

What does the superior surfaces of lateral masses of the Atlas/C1 articulate with?

A

Occipital condyles, which carry the skull

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63
Q

What movement does the Atlas/C1 provide?

A

The movement for nodding the head “yes”

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64
Q

What is C2 considered as?

A

The axis

65
Q

How can you tell the difference between the cervical vertebrae and the other vertebrae?

A

The cervical vertebrae has 2 transverse processes, and a bifid spinous process

66
Q

How can you tell the difference between the thoracic vertebrae and the other vertebrae?

A

It has a costal facet, which connects to the ribs

67
Q

Does the Axis/C2 have a body and processes like other vertebrae?

A

Yes

68
Q

What is the major feature of the Axis/C2?

A

A knoblike dens that projects superiorly into the anterior arch of the atlas

69
Q

The dens is the “______” _____ of the Atlas/C1

A

“Missing” body

70
Q

The dens is a pivot for _______

A

Rotation of the atlas

71
Q

What movement does the Axis/C2 provide?

A

Side to side rotation for saying “no”

72
Q

How many fused vertebrae make up the sacrum?

A

5 (S1-S5)

73
Q

What does the sacrum articulate with?

A

L5 superiorly and with the hip bones

74
Q

How many fused vertebrae make up the coccyx?

A

Usually 4, but sometimes 3 or 5

75
Q

What does the coccyx articulate with?

A

Superiorly with the sacrum

76
Q

What is the top part of the sternum called?

A

Manubrium

77
Q

What is the tip of the sternum called?

A

Xiphoid process

78
Q

What is the thoracic cage composed of?

A

Thoracic vertebrae, the ribs, sternum, and costal cartilages

79
Q

What are the functions of the thoracic cage?

A

Forms a protective cage around the heart, lungs, and great blood vessels, supports the shoulder girdles and upper limbs, provides attachment for many neck, back, chest, and shoulder muscles, and uses intercostal muscles to lift and depress the thorax during breathing

80
Q

How many bones form the skeletal framework of each upper limb?

A

30

81
Q

What bone is in the arm?

A

Humerus

82
Q

What two bones are in the forearm?

A

Radius and ulna

83
Q

How many carpal bones are in the wrist?

A

8

84
Q

How many metacarpal bones are in the palm?

A

5

85
Q

How many phalanges are in the fingers?

A

14

86
Q

How many bones are in the hand?

A

27

87
Q

What is the humerus?

A

The only bone of the arm

88
Q

What is the largest and longest bone of the upper limb?

A

The humerus

89
Q

What are the features of the humerus, and what is their description?

A

Head = proximal end that fits into the glenoid cavity of the scapula
Anatomical neck = slight constriction inferior to head
Greater tubercle = separated from the lesser tubercle, and is the sites of attachment of the rotator cuff muscles
Surgical neck = most frequently fractured part of the humerus
Deltoid tuberosity = about midway down the shaft, is the site of deltoid muscle attachment
Medial/Lateral epicondyles = points of muscle attachment

90
Q

How many vertebrae are in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar all together?

A

26

91
Q

Are the ulna and radius parallel?

A

Yes

92
Q

The proximal ends of the radius and ulna articulates with what?

A

The humerus and each other

93
Q

The radius and ulna distally articulate with each other at what joint?

A

Radioulnar

94
Q

What connects the radius and ulna along their entire length?

A

Interosseous membrane

95
Q

What does the thumb/pollex not have?

A

A middle phalange

96
Q

Bones of the hand contains what three parts?

A

Carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges

97
Q

What is the formation of the carpals?

A

Eight bones in two rows

98
Q

What are the carpals collectively known as?

A

The wrist

99
Q

What bones are in the proximal row of the carpals, laterally to medially?

A

Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform

100
Q

What bones are in the distal row of the carpals, laterally to medially?

A

Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate

101
Q

Which carpal bones form the wrist joint?

A

Scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum

102
Q

What is the pelvic girdle formed by?

A

2 hip bones and the sacrum

103
Q

What does the pelvic girdle do?

A

Attaches lower limbs to axial skeleton with strong ligaments, transmits weight of upper body to lower limbs, and supports pelvic organs

104
Q

What is the mobility of the pelvic girdle in comparison to the shoulder joint?

A

Less mobility, but more stability

105
Q

What three fused bones form the coxal bone?

A

Ilium, ischium, and pubis

106
Q

What is the deep socket of the pelvic girdle called?

A

Acetabulum

107
Q

What is the illium?

A

Superior region of coxal bone

108
Q

What does the ilium articulate with?

A

The auricular surface articulates with the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint

109
Q

What is the ischium?

A

Posteroinferior part of the hip bone

110
Q

What is the pubis?

A

The anterior portion of the hip bone

111
Q

Where does the pubis join?

A

At the pubic symphysis joint

112
Q

What is the pelvis formed by?

A

Hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx

113
Q

What is the difference between the female pelvic and the male pelvis?

A

The female pelvis tends to be wider, shallower, lighter, and rounder when compared to the male pelvis

114
Q

Why is the female pelvis wider, shallower, lighter, and rounder than the male pelvis?

A

It’s adapted for childbearing

115
Q

What is the pelvic brim/pelvic inlet

A

Continuous oval ridge that runs from the pubic crest though arcuate line and sacral promontory

116
Q

What is the false pelvis?

A

Superior to pelvic brim

117
Q

What is the true pelvis and what does it define?

A

Inferior to pelvic brim, defines birth canal

118
Q

What is the pelvic outlet bounded by?

A

The pubic arch, ischia, sacrum, and coccyx

119
Q

The femur is the ______ and ______ bone in the body

A

Largest and strongest

120
Q

The femur makes up how much of a person’s height?

A

One-fourth

121
Q

The femur is the only bone which what marking?

A

Trochanter

122
Q

The leg is made up of two parallel bones, what are they called?

A

The tibia and fibula

123
Q

Like the radius and ulna, the tibia and fibula are connected by what membrane?

A

Interosseous

124
Q

What is the tibia?

A

Medial leg bone that receives the weight of the body from the femur

125
Q

Is the fibula wright bearing?

A

No

126
Q

Does the fibula have articulation with the femur?

A

No

127
Q

Several muscles originate from which leg bone?

A

Fibula

128
Q

The interosseous membrane is a joint that allows what?

A

Rotation

129
Q

The fibula articulates proximally and distally which which bone?

A

Tibia

130
Q

What is flat foot/pes planus?

A

Condition that could be congenital or acquired later in life that consists of fallen arches of the feet.

131
Q

What can flat foot/pes planus be caused by?

A

Increasing age, obesity, or high-impact activites

132
Q

How can flat foot/pes planus be prevented?

A

Wearing proper footwear with good arch support

133
Q

How are symptoms managed for flat foot/pes planus

A

Orthotic shoe inserts

134
Q

What is a bimalleolar fracture?

A

A break in the distal ends of both the tibia and fibula. It’s a rotational injury and is a common sports injury

135
Q

What is developmental dysplasia of the hip?

A

Partial or complete dislocation of the femoral head and poorly developed acetabulum

136
Q

How often does developmental dysplasia of the hip occur in newborns?

A

2%

137
Q

Who is at high risk for developmental dysplasia?

A

Breech birth babies

138
Q

What is the treatment for developmental dysplasia of the hip?

A

Ultrasound of the hips, then harnesses, casting, or surgery

139
Q

What can unrecognized developmental dysplasia of the hip lead to?

A

Degenerative arthritis

140
Q

Median nerves and tendons travel through what?

A

Carpal tunnel

141
Q

What is the carpal tunnel formed by?

A

Ligaments through the wrist

142
Q

What is carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

Compressed median nerve which causes tingling and numbness. It can occur from overuse and inflammation of the carpal tendons.

143
Q

What is a Colles’ fracture?

A

A break in the distal end of the radius

144
Q

Why is a Colles’ fracture so common?

A

Because a person falling attempts to break fall with outstretched hands

145
Q

Abnormal curvatures can be congenital or result from what?

A

Disease, poor posture, or unequal pull of muscles on the spine

146
Q

What is scoliosis?

A

Abnormal lateral rotation of the spine, most often in thoracic region

147
Q

What can a lateral rotation of the spine cause?

A

Breathing difficulties

148
Q

What is kyphosis?

A

Abnormal dorsal thoracic curvature

149
Q

Who is commonly affected by kyphosis?

A

Osteoporosis, tuberculosis of the spine, rickets, or osteomalacia

150
Q

What is lordosis?

A

Accentuated lumbar curvature

151
Q

What can lordosis be the result of, and who is it seen in?

A

Can result from disease, but it’s also seen in men with pot bellies and pregnant women

152
Q

What can severe physical trauma to the spine cause?

A

One or more herniated discs

153
Q

What does herniated discs involve

A

Rupture of the anulus fibrosus

154
Q

What does the rupture of the anulus fibrosus result in?

A

Protrusion of nucleus pulposus, which can press on the spinal cord or nerves, causing numbness or excruciating pain

155
Q

What is the treatment for herniated discs?

A

Exercise, massage, heat, painkiller, or surgical intervention if non-surgical treatments are not successful

156
Q

What is the most common congenital abnormality that distorts the skull?

A

Cleft palate

157
Q

What is cleft palate?

A

No medial fusion of right and left halves of palate

158
Q

The calcaneus and talus are considered what bone type?

A

Short

159
Q

What does cleft palate interfere with?

A

Sucking

A&P 1 Summer 2023 (17 decks)

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