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A&P 1 Summer 2023 > A&P Chapter 5 > Flashcards

A&P Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the epidermis?

A

The superficial region of the skin.

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2
Q

What does the epidermis consist of?

A

Epithelial tissue, and is avascular

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3
Q

Where is the dermis?

A

Underlies the epidermis

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4
Q

What does the dermis consist of?

A

Fibrous connective tissue, and is vascular

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5
Q

What is another name for the hypodermis?

A

Superficial fascia, SubQ layer

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6
Q

Where is the hypodermis?

A

Subcutaneous layer deep to the skin

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7
Q

Is the hypodermis part of the skin?

A

No

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8
Q

What is the hypodermis made of?

A

Adipose tissue that absorbs shock and insulates

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9
Q

What does the hypodermis do?

A

Anchors skin to underlying structures: mostly muscles

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10
Q

What tissue does the epidermis consist of?

A

Mostly keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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11
Q

What are the four cell types found in the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, Langerhands/Dendritic cells, and tactile cells

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12
Q

What are keratinocytes?

A

Cells that produce fibrous keratin, and is the main cell type of the epidermis that is tightly packed

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13
Q

What is keratin?

A

A protein that gives skin its protective properties

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13
Q

What are melanocytes?

A

Cells that produce the pigment melanin, which is packaged into melanosomes

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14
Q

Melanosomes are transferred to ______

A

Keratinocytes, where they protect the nucleus from UV damage

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15
Q

Where are melanocytes found in the skin?

A

The deepest epidermis

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16
Q

What are tactile cells?

A

Sensory receptors that sense touch

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17
Q

The epidermis consists of _________ distinct layers

A

Four or five

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18
Q

Thick skin contains ______

A

five layers (strata)

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19
Q

Where is thick skin found?

A

High abrasion areas (hands/feet)

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20
Q

Thin skin contains ____ layers

A

Four

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21
Q

What are the five layers of skin, deep to superficial?

A

Stratum Basale –> Stratum spinosum –> Stratum granulosum –> Stratum lucidum –> Stratum corneum

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22
Q

Which layer of skin is only in thick skin?

A

Stratum Lucidum

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23
Q

What is the stratum basale

A

Basal layer, which is the deepest of all of the epidermal layers. It is firmly attatched to the dermis

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24
Q

What does the stratum basale consist of?

A

Single row of stem cells that actively divide, producing two daughter cells each time

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25
Q

How long does it take a daughter cell to go from basal layer to the surface?

A

25-45 days

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26
Q

The daughter cell _____ as it reaches the suface

A

Dies

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27
Q

Where does the other daughter cell remain?

A

In the stratum basale as a stem cell

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28
Q

What is the stratum basale composed of?

A

Mostly keratinocytes, 10-25% of the layer is composed of melanocytes and tactile cells

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29
Q

What is the stratum spinosum also called?

A

The prickly layer

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30
Q

What is the stratum spinosum?

A

Layer of the skin that is several cell layers thick

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31
Q

What do cells in the stratum spinosum contain?

A

Weblike system of intermediate prekeratin filaments attached to desmosomes. This allows them to resist tension and pulling

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32
Q

How do keratinocytes appear in the stratum spinosum?

A

Spikey, which is why they are called prickle cells

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33
Q

What is scattered among keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum?

A

Abundant melanosomes and dendritic cells

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34
Q

What is the stratum granulosum?

A

A layer of the cell that is four to six cells thick. The cells are flattened so the layer is thin

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35
Q

How does the cell appearance change in the stratum granulosum?

A

Cells flatten, nuclei and organelles disintegrate, keratinization begins, cells accumulate lamellar granules

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36
Q

What are lamellar granules?

A

A water-resistant glycolipid that slows water loss

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37
Q

In the stratum granulosum, cells above that layer _____

A

Die, they’re too far from dermal capillaries to survive

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38
Q

What is the stratum lucidum consisted of?

A

Thin, translucent band of two to three rows of clear, flat, and dead keratinocytes. Also filled with eleidin

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39
Q

What is eleidin?

A

Translucent protein that is an intermediate in keratin maturation

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40
Q

What is the stratum corneum?

A

20-30 rows of flat, anucleated, keratinized dead cells

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41
Q

The stratum corneum accounts for _______ of the epidermal thickness

A

Three quarters

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42
Q

Even though the cells are dead in the stratum corneum layer, they still function to

A

Protect deeper cells from the environment, prevent water loss, protect from abrasion and penetration, and act as a barrier against biological, chemical, and physical assaults

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43
Q

Cells change by going through ______

A

apoptosis

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44
Q

Dead cells come off as ______

A

Dandruff and dander

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45
Q

Humans can shed _______ cells every minute

A

~50,000 cells every minute

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46
Q

What is the dermis?

A

The strong flexible connective tissue

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47
Q

What cells are included in the dermis?

A

Fibroblasts, macrophages, and occasionally mast cells and white blood cells

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48
Q

Fibers in the matrix _____ the body together

A

Binds

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49
Q

The dermis contains

A

Nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, epidermal hair follicles, oil glands, and sweat glands

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50
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A

Papillary and reticular

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51
Q

What is the papillary layer of the dermis?

A

The superficial layer of areolar connective tissue

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52
Q

Loose fibers allow phagocytes to ______

A

patrol for microorganisms

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53
Q

What is the dermal papillae?

A

The superficial region of the dermis that sends fingerlike projections into the epidermis

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54
Q

What do the protections contain?

A

Capillary loops, free nerve endings, and touch receptors

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55
Q

What are touch receptors also called?

A

Tactile corpuscles

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56
Q

What are friction ridges?

A

In thick skin, dermal papillae lie on top of thermal ridges, which give rise to epidermal ridges. Collectively, ridges are called friction ridges

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57
Q

What do friction ridges do?

A

Enhance gripping ability, contribute to sense of touch

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58
Q

Sweat pores in ridges leave a _____

A

unique fingerprint pattern

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59
Q

How much of the dermal thickness does the reticular layer make up?

A

~80%

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60
Q

What does the reticular layer consist of?

A

Coarse, dense irregular connective tissue

61
Q

Elastic fibers provide ______

A

stretch-recoil properties

62
Q

Collagen fibers provide ______

A

Strength and resiliency. They bind water and keep the skin hydrated

63
Q

What is the cutaneous plexus?

A

A network of blood vessels between reticular layer and the hypodermis

64
Q

The extracellular matrix contains ______

A

Pockets of adipose cells

65
Q

Where are cleavage lines?

A

Reticular layer

66
Q

What are cleavage lines also called?

A

Tension lines

67
Q

What are cleavage lines caused by?

A

Collagen fibers running parallel to the skin surface

68
Q

Cleavage lines are _____

A

Externally invisible, and important to surgeons because incisions parallel to cleavage lines heal better

69
Q

Where are flexure lines?

A

Reticular layer

70
Q

What are flexure lines?

A

Dermal folds at or near joints

71
Q

The dermis is ______ to deeper structures in flexure lines

A

Tightly secured

72
Q

How are flexure lines formed?

A

The skin’s inability to slide easily for joint movement causes deep creases

73
Q

Flexure lines are visible on _____

A

Hands, wrists, fingers, soles, and toes

74
Q

The SubQ layer is

A

Not part of the integument, and is made of adipose connective tissue

75
Q

The functions of the SubQ layer are

A

Pads and protects body, acts as an energy reservoir and provides thermal insulation

76
Q

Which layer of the skin is a site for drug injection?

A

SubQ

77
Q

What are the three pigments that contribute to skin color?

A

Melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin

78
Q

What is melanin?

A

The only pigment made in the skin, made up of melanocytes

79
Q

Melanin are packaged into ______

A

melanosomes that are sent to shield the DNA of keratinocytes from damaging UV sunlight

80
Q

If there’s more sun, more protection needed so ____ melanin will be produced

A

More

81
Q

What are the two forms of melanin?

A

Reddish yellow to brownish black

82
Q

Skin color differences are from

A

The amount and form of melanin

83
Q

Freckles and pigmented moles are ____

A

Local accumulations of melanin

84
Q

What is carotene?

A

Yellow to orange pigment acquired from yellow-orange vegetables

85
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

Pinkish hue of fair skin that is due to lower levels of melanin and hemoglobin binding of oxygen

86
Q

Alterations in skin color can indicate _____

A

Disease

87
Q

What is cyanosis?

A

Blue skin color, from low oxygenation of hemoglobin

88
Q

What is pallor?

A

Blanching or pale color

89
Q

What does pallor indicate?

A

Anemia, low blood pressure, fear, and anger

90
Q

What is erythema?

A

Redness

91
Q

What does erythema indicate?

A

Fever, hypertension, inflammation, and allergy

92
Q

What is jaundice?

A

Yellow cast

93
Q

What does jaundice indicate?

A

Liver disorders

94
Q

What is the hair bulb?

A

Expanded area at the deep end of the follicle

95
Q

What is the hair follicle receptor?

A

Sensory nerve endings that wrap around the bulb

96
Q

What are hair follicle receptors also known as?

A

Root hair plexus

97
Q

Is hair a sensory touch receptor?

A

Yes

98
Q

What is a hair matrix?

A

Actively dividing area of bulb that produces hair cells.

99
Q

As the matrix makes new cells, it __________

A

pushes older ones upward

100
Q

What is the arrector pili, and what is it responsible for?

A

Small band of smooth muscle attached to follicle, responsible for goose bumps

101
Q

Hair pigments are made by ______

A

Melanocytes in hair follicles

102
Q

What creates all the hair colors?

A

Combinations of different melanins (yellow, rust, brown, and black)

103
Q

What is additional in red hair?

A

Pheomelanin pigment

104
Q

What is gray/white hair resulted from?

A

When melanin production decreases and air bubbles replace melanin in shaft

105
Q

What is male pattern baldness caused by?

A

Follicular response to DHT

106
Q

What’s DHT?

A

Dihydrotestosterone

107
Q

What do nails act as?

A

Protective cover for distal and dorsal surface of fingers and toes

108
Q

What is the nail matrix?

A

Thickened portion of bed responsible for nail growth

109
Q

All skin surfaces except _____ contain sweat glands

A

The nipples and parts of external genitalia

110
Q

About how many sweat glands does a person have?

A

3 million

111
Q

What are the two main types of sweat glands?

A

Eccrine (merocrine) and Apocrine

112
Q

What are ceruminous glands?

A

Lining of external ear canal

113
Q

What do mammary glands do?

A

Secrete milk

114
Q

What are the eccrine sweat glands function?

A

Temperature control, and some antibacterial properties

115
Q

What is the type of secretion in eccrine sweat glands?

A

Hypotonic filtrate of blood plasma

116
Q

What is the method of secretion for eccrine glands?

A

Merocrine (exocytosis)

117
Q

Where does the secretion exit the duct at in eccrine glands?

A

Skin surface

118
Q

Where are eccrine glands?

A

Everywhere, but especially palms, soles, and forehead

119
Q

What do apocrine sweat glands function as?

A

Sexual scent glands

120
Q

What is the type of secretion in apocrine sweat glands?

A

Filtrate of blood plasma with added proteins and fatty substances

121
Q

What is the method of secretion for apocrine sweat glands?

A

Meocrine (exocytosis)

122
Q

Where does the secretion exit the duct at in apocrine sweat glands?

A

Usually the upper part of the hair follicle, and rarely at the skin surface

123
Q

Where are apocrine sweat glands located?

A

Mostly axillary and anogenital regions

124
Q

What are the functions of sebaceous glands?

A

Lubricates skin and hair, helps prevent water loss, and antibacterial properties

125
Q

What is the type of secretion for sebaceous glands?

A

Sebum (an oily secretion)

126
Q

What is the method of secretion for sebaceous glands?

A

Holocrine

127
Q

Where does the secretion exit the duct at in sebaceous glands?

A

Usually the upper part of the hair follicle, and sometimes the skin surface

128
Q

Where are sebaceous glands located?

A

Everywhere except palms and soles

129
Q

Skin is first and foremost a _____

A

Barrier

130
Q

What are the main functions of the skin?

A

Protection, body temperature regulation, cutaneous sensations, metabolic functions, blood reservoir, and excretion of wastes

131
Q

How does skin protect?

A

Constitutes three barriers, chemical (antimicrobials, sebum, low pH), physical, and biological (phagocytes)

132
Q

How does the skin regulate body temperature?

A

Change in vessels and perspiration

133
Q

What are cutaneous sensations

A

Sensing pain

134
Q

What are metabolic functions of the skin?

A

Synthesize vitamin D, activate hormones, and stimulate collagen

135
Q

The skin can hold up to ______ of the body’s total blood volume

A

5%

136
Q

The skin can secrete _______ of ______ wastes

A

Limited amounts of nitrogenous wastes, such as ammonia, urea, and uric acid

137
Q

Sweat causes the loss of ______

A

Salt and water

138
Q

Most skin tumors are _______ and do not _______

A

Benign, and do not metastasize

139
Q

Risk factors for skin cancer are

A

Overexposure to UV radiation and frequent irritation

140
Q

What are the three major types of skin cancer?

A

Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma

141
Q

What is basal cell carcinoma?

A

Least malignant and most common, stratum basale cells proliferate and slowly invade dermis and hypodermis. Cured by surgical excision in 99% of cases

142
Q

What is squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Second most common type, can metastasize, involves keratinocytes of stratum spinosum, usually is a scaly reddened papule on scalp, ears, lower lips, or hands. Has a good prognosis if treated by radiation therapy or removed surgically

143
Q

What is melanoma?

A

Cancer of melanocytes, it is the most dangerous type because it’s highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy. Treated by wide surgical excision accompanied by immunotherapy

144
Q

The key to survival of melanoma is early detection, what is the ABCD rule?

A

A = Asymmetry, the two sides of the pigmented area do not match B = Border irregularity, exhibits indentations C = Color, contains several colors D = Diameter, larger than 6mm

145
Q

What is the immediate threat for burns?

A

Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance

146
Q

Where is the damage in first-degree burns?

A

Just the epidermis

147
Q

Where is the damage in second-degree/partial-thickness burns, and what appears in this type of burn?

A

The epidermis and upper dermis. Blisters appear

148
Q

Where is the damage in third-degree/full-thickness burns and what is usually needed for these burns?

A

All layers of the skin are damaged, and skin grafting is usually necessary

149
Q

What is special about third-degree burns?

A

They are not painful because nerve endings are destroyed

150
Q

When is a fetus’ skin developed?

A

By the end of the 4th month

151
Q

What is the lanugo coat, and when does it appear in a fetus’ development?

A

Delicate hairs that appear in the 5th and 6th month

A&P 1 Summer 2023 (17 decks)

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