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A&P 1 Summer 2023 > A&P Chapter 8 > Flashcards

A&P Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Joints are classified by either ______ or ______

A

Function or structure

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2
Q

What joints are classified based on function?

A

Synarthroses, Amphiartoses, and Diarthroses

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3
Q

What joints are classified based on structure?

A

Fibrous, Cartilaginous, and Synovial joints

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4
Q

Motion ranges from ___ movement to _____ movement

A

No movement to extensive movement

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5
Q

The structure of each joint determines what?

A

It’s mobility and stability

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6
Q

There is an inverse relationship (trade off) between what?

A

Mobility and stability

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7
Q

What is an example of the inverse relationship between mobility and stability?

A

Skull sutures are immobile but very stable

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8
Q

What are fibrous joints?

A

Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue. They have no joint cavity, and most are immovable

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9
Q

Fibrous joints are mostly immovable, but what does it depend on?

A

The length of connective tissue fibers

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10
Q

What are the three types of fibrous joints?

A

Sutures, Syndesmoses, Gomphoses

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11
Q

What are sutures?

A

Rigid, interlocking joints of the skull, which allows for growth during youth

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12
Q

How do sutures allow for growth during youth?

A

Contains short connective tissue fibers that allow for expansion

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13
Q

What happens to sutures in middle age?

A

They ossify and fuse. These immovable joints join the skull into one unit that protects the brain

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14
Q

What are syndesmoses?

A

Bones connected by ligaments, bands of fibrous tissue

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15
Q

Why does movement vary in syndesmoses?

A

Fiber length varies, so movement varies

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16
Q

The inferior tibiofibular joint is an example of what joint type?

A

Short fibers in syndesmosis (offers little to no movement)

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17
Q

The interosseous membrane connecting the radius and ulna is an example of what joint type?

A

Longer fibers in syndesmoses offers a larger amount of movement)

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18
Q

What are gomphoses?

A

Peg-in-socket joints

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19
Q

What is the only example of gomphoses?

A

Teeth in the alveolar sockets

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20
Q

What is the fibrous connection of a tooth in the alveolar socket, and what does it do?

A

The periodontal ligament holds the tooth in socket

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21
Q

What are cartilaginous joints?

A

Bones united by cartilage, that has no joint cavity, and is not highly movable

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22
Q

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

A

Synchondroses and symphyses

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23
Q

What are synchondroses?

A

A bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites bones.

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24
Q

Almost all synchondroses are ______?

A

Synarthotic (immovable)

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25
Q

What is an example of synchondroses?

A

Temporary epiphyseal plate joints, which become synostoses after plate closure

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26
Q

What is an example of synchondroses?

A

The cartilage of the 1st rib that connects to the manubrium of the sternum

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27
Q

What are symphyses?

A

Fibrocartilage unites bone in symphysis

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28
Q

Hyaline cartilage is also present in the symphysis joint as what?

A

Articular cartilage on bony surfaces

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29
Q

Symphyses are strong and _____ joints

A

Amphiarthrotic (slightly movable)

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30
Q

What are 2 examples of symphyses?

A

Intervertebral joints and the pubic symphysis

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31
Q

What are synovial joints?

A

Bones separated by fluid-filled joint cavity

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32
Q

All synovial joints are ______

A

Diarthrotic (freely moveable)

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33
Q

Synovial joints include almost all ____ ______

A

Limb joints

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34
Q

What are the characteristics of synovial joints?

A

Classified into 6 different types, has multiple features for support and stability, has bursae and tendon sheaths associated with them, stability is influenced by several factors, and allows several types of movements

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35
Q

What are the 6 synovial joint shapes?

A

Plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, and ball-and-socket

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36
Q

Synovial joints have how many general features?

A

6

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37
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

Consists of hyaline cartilage covering ends of bones, this prevents crushing of bone ends

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38
Q

What is the joint/synovial cavity?

A

Small, fluid-filled potential space that is unique to synovial joints

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39
Q

What is the articular/joint capsule

A

Has two layers:
External fibrous layer made of dense irregular connective tissue
Inner synovial membrane made of loose connective tissue that makes synovial fluid

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40
Q

What is synovial fluid?

A

A slippery filtrate of plasma and hyaluronic acid. It lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage. It also contains phagocytic cells to remove microbes and debris

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41
Q

What are the 6 features of synovial joints?

A
  1. They have different types of reinforcing ligaments
  2. They have nerves and blood vessels
  3. They have synovial fluid
  4. They have articular cartilage
  5. They have a joint/synovial cavity
  6. They have a articular/joint cavity
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42
Q

Some synovial joints have what two features?

A

Fatty pads and articular discs/menisci

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43
Q

What are fatty pads for?

A

For cushioning between fibrous layer of capsule and synovial membrane or bone

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44
Q

What are articular discs/menisci?

A

Fibrocartilage separates articular surfaces to improve “fit” of bone ends, stabilizes joint, and reduces wear and tear

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45
Q

What are bursae and tendon sheaths?

A

Bags of synovial fluid that act as a lubricating “ball bearing”

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46
Q

Are bursae and tendon sheaths part of synovial joints?

A

Not strictly, but they are closely associated with synovial joints

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47
Q

What do bursae do?

A

Reduces friction where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together

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48
Q

What are tendon sheaths?

A

Elongated bursae wrapped completely around tendons subjected to friction

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49
Q

All muscles attach to bone or connective tissue at no fewer than two points, what are they?

A

Origin and insertion

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50
Q

What is an origin of a muscle?

A

Attatchment to immovable bone

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51
Q

What is an insertion of a muscle?

A

Attachment to moveable bone

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52
Q

Muscle contraction causes _____ to move toward _____

A

Insertion to move toward origin

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53
Q

Movements occur along which three planes?

A

Transverse, frontal, or sagittal

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54
Q

What are the ranges of motion allowed by synovial joints, and what are they?

A

Nonaxial = slipping movements only
Uniaxial = movement in one plane
Biaxial = movement in two planes
Multiaxial = movement in or around all three planes

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55
Q

What are the three general types of movements?

A

Gliding, angular movements, rotation

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56
Q

What are gliding movements?

A

One flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface

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57
Q

What are examples of gliding movements?

A

Intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, and between articular processes of vertebrae

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58
Q

What are angular movements?

A

A movement along the sagittal plane that increases or decreases the angle between two bones

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59
Q

What does angular movements include?

A

Flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, circumduction

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60
Q

What is flexion?

A

Decreases the angle of the joint

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61
Q

What is extension?

A

Increases the angle of the joint

62
Q

What is hyperextension?

A

Movement beyond the anatomical position

63
Q

What is abduction?

A

Movement along frontal plane, away from the midline

64
Q

What is adduction?

A

Movement along frontal plane, toward the midline

65
Q

What is circumduction?

A

Involves flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction of limb. The limb describes cone in space

66
Q

What is rotation?

A

Turning of bone around its own long axis, toward midline or away from it

67
Q

What is medial rotation?

A

Rotation toward midline

68
Q

What is lateral rotation?

A

Rotation away from midline

69
Q

What are two examples of rotation?

A

Rotation between C1 and C2 vertebrae, and the rotation of humerus and femur

70
Q

What are the special movements of synovial joints?

A

Supination, pronation, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, eversion, protraction, retraction, elevation, depression, opposition

71
Q

What is supination and pronation?

A

Rotation of the radius and ulna

72
Q

What is supination?

A

Palms face anteriorly, radius and ulna are parallel (think anatomical position)

73
Q

What is pronation?

A

Palms face posteriorly, radius rotates over ulna

74
Q

What is dorsiflexion?

A

Bending foot towards shin

75
Q

What is plantar flexion?

A

Pointing toes

76
Q

What is inversion?

A

Sole of foot faces medially

77
Q

What is eversion?

A

Sole of foot faces laterally

78
Q

What is protraction?

A

Mandible juts out

79
Q

What is retraction?

A

Mandible is pulled towards the neck

80
Q

What is elevation?

A

Lifting body part superiorly

81
Q

What is an example of elevation?

A

Shrugging shoulders

82
Q

What is depression?

A

Lowering body part

83
Q

What is an example of depression?

A

Opening jaw

84
Q

What is opposition?

A

Movement of thumb

85
Q

What is an example of opposition?

A

Touching thumb to fingertips on the same hand

86
Q

Where is the temporomandibular joint?

A

The head of mandible articulates with temporal bone

87
Q

What is the only mobile joint between the bones in the skull?

A

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

88
Q

What type(s) of joint(s) is the TMJ joint?

A

Hinge and gliding

89
Q

What is an example of the TMJ being a gliding joint?

A

Side-to-side grinding of teeth

90
Q

What is a TMJ disorder?

A

Alteration in the ligaments securing the joint, and the articular disc is forced out of normal position

91
Q

What are symptoms of a TMJ disorder?

A

Ear and face pain, tender muscles, popping sounds when opening mouth, and joint stiffness

92
Q

What causes TMJ disorders?

A

Usually by grinding teeth, but can also be due to jaw trauma or poor occlusion of teeth

93
Q

What are the treatments for TMJ disorders?

A

Bite plate (for teeth grinding) and relaxing jaw muscles

94
Q

What is the most freely moving joint in the body?

A

Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint

95
Q

Why is the glenohumeral joint the most freely moving?

A

Stability is sacrificed for freedom of movement

96
Q

What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?

A

Ball-and-Socket

97
Q

How is the glenohumeral joint a ball-and-socket joint?

A

Head of humerus fits in the small, shallow glenoid cavity of scapula

98
Q

The articular capsule inclosing the cavity of the glenohumeral joint is characterized as what?

A

Thin and loose, which contributes to movement

99
Q

What decreases friction in the glenohumeral joint?

A

Bursa

100
Q

Due to the mobility of the shoulder, what is a common injury?

A

Shoulder dislocations

101
Q

Why are shoulder dislocations common, besides the movement?

A

Structures reinforcing the glenohumeral joint are weakest anteriorly and inferiorly, so the head of humerus can easily dislocate forward and downward. The glenoid cavity provides poor support when the humerus is rotated laterally and abducted

102
Q

What are examples of shoulder dislocation mechanisms?

A

When a football player uses his arm to tackle an opponent, and blows to the top and back of shoulder

103
Q

What is termed a “shoulder separation?”

A

Refers to acromioclavicular dislocation

104
Q

What are signs of acromioclavicular dislocation / shoulder separation?

A

Pain when the arm is abducted more than 90 degrees, and the acromion appearing prominent

105
Q

What is a subluxation?

A

Incomplete dislocation

106
Q

What is Nursemaid’s elbow?

A

Subluxation of the head of the radius. The head of the radius is pulled out of the annular ligament

107
Q

What age group does Nursemaid’s elbow occur in?

A

Almost exclusively in children, usually <5 years

108
Q

Why does Nursemaid’s elbow occur in children?

A

A child’s annular ligament is thin, and the radial head is not fully formed

109
Q

How can Nursemaid’s elbow be corrected?

A

A doctor may maneuver the radial head back into annular ligament

110
Q

What type of joint is the coxal (hip) joint?

A

Ball-and-socket

111
Q

Why is the coxal joint a ball-and-socket joint?

A

The large, spherical head of the femur articulates with the deep cup-shaped acetabulum of the os coxa

112
Q

The coxal joint has a good range of motion, but it’s limited by what?

A

The deep socket

113
Q

Common knee injuries involve the 3 C’s, what are they, and how are they caused?

A
  1. Collateral ligaments = struck from side
  2. Cruciate ligaments: ACL = hyperextended / Cruciate ligaments: PCL = hyperflexed
  3. Cartilages (menisci) = trauma and/or overuse
114
Q

What is the “unhappy triad”?

A

Lateral blows to an extended knee can result in tears in the tibial collateral ligament, medial meniscus, and anterior cruciate ligament

115
Q

What causes cartilage tears?

A

Compression and shear stress

116
Q

Fragments from a cartilage tear can cause the joint to do what?

A

Lock or bind

117
Q

Unfortunately in cartilage tears, the cartilage rarely does what?

A

Rarely repairs itself

118
Q

How is a cartilage tear repaired?

A

Arthoscopic surgery

119
Q

If the menisci is partially removed, what happens to the knee joint?

A

The joint is less stable, but mobile

120
Q

If the menisci is completely removed, what happens to the knee joint?

A

Osteoarthritis can occur

121
Q

Meniscal transplants are possible in ______ patients

A

Younger

122
Q

What is a sprain?

A

Reinforcing ligaments are stretched or torn

123
Q

What are common sites for a sprain?

A

Ankle, knee, and lumbar region of back

124
Q

Why do partial tears of the reinforcing ligaments repair very slowly?

A

Poor vascularization

125
Q

What are three options is the reinforcing ligaments are torn completely?

A
  1. Ends of ligaments can be sewn together
  2. Replacement with grafts
  3. Allow time and immobilization for healing
126
Q

What is bursitis?

A

Inflammation of bursa, usually caused by a blow or friction

127
Q

How is bursitis treated?

A

With rest and ice, if it’s severe, anti-inflammatory drugs

128
Q

What is tendonitis?

A

Inflammation of tendon sheaths, usually caused by overuse

129
Q

The symptoms and treatment of tendonitis is similar to what condition?

A

Bursitis

130
Q

What is a dislocation?

A

Bones are forced out of alignment

131
Q

What accompanies a dislocation?

A

Sprains, inflammation, difficulty moving joint

132
Q

What causes dislocations?

A

Serious falls or contact sports

133
Q

Dislocations must be ______ to treat

A

Reduced

134
Q

What is osteoarthritis (OA)?

A

The most common type of arthritis. Irreversible, degenerative (“wear-and-tear”) arthritis

135
Q

What can osteoarthritis reflect?

A

Excessive release of enzymes that break down articular cartilage. Cartilage is broken down faster than it is replaces. Bone spurs (osteophytes) may form from thickened ends of bones

136
Q

By age 85, how much of Americans develop OA?

A

Half

137
Q

Which sex is more affected by OA?

A

Women

138
Q

OA is usually a part of what process?

A

The normal aging process

139
Q

What is crepitus in OA?

A

Joints may be stiff, and may create a crunching noise upon rising, which is called crepitus

140
Q

What are treatments for OA?

A

Moderate activity, mild pain relivers, capsaicin creams

141
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis (RA?)

A

Chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease of unknown cause

142
Q

What is an autoimmune disease?

A

Immune system attacks own cells

143
Q

When does RA occur?

A

Usually between the ages of 40 and 50, but can occur at any age

144
Q

Which sex is more affected by RA, and by how much

A

Women are three times more affected than men

145
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of RA?

A

Joint pain and swelling that is usually bilateral, anemia, osteoporosis, muscle weakness, and cardiovascular problems

146
Q

What is gouty arthritis?

A

Deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues, followed by inflammation

147
Q

What sex is more affected by gouty arthritis?

A

Men

148
Q

Where does gouty arthritis typically occur?

A

The joint at the base of the great toe

149
Q

What happens in untreated gouty arthritis?

A

Bone ends fuse and immobilize the joint

150
Q

What are treatments for gouty arthritis?

A

Drugs, plenty of water, avoidance of alcohol and foods high in purines, such as liver, kidneys, and sardines

A&P 1 Summer 2023 (17 decks)

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