Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P 1 Summer 2023 > A&P Chapter 10 > Flashcards

A&P Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an origin of a muscle?

A

The less movable attachment of a muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What attachment is typically the origin?

A

The more proximal attachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is an insertion of a muscle?

A

The more movable attachment, which is pulled toward the origin when the muscle contracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What attachment is typically the insertion?

A

The more distal attachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Muscles can only ______, never _____

A

Pull, never push

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are axial muscles?

A

Muscles that have both origins and insertions on the axial skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do axial muscles do?

A

Support and move the head and vertebral column, function in facial expression, breathing, chewing, and swallowing, and support and protect abdominal and pelvic organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do appendicular muscles do?

A

Control movements of upper and lower limbs, and control movements of pectoral and pelvic girdles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are appendicular muscles organized by?

A

Organized into groups based on locations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The action of a muscle can be inferred by the what?

A

Position of the muscle relative to the joint it crosses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

A muscle that crosses on the anterior side of a joint produces _____

A

Flexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

A muscle that crosses on the posterior side of a joint produces _____

A

Extension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

A muscle that crosses on the lateral side of a joint produces ______

A

Abduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

A muscle that crosses on the medial side of a joint produces ______

A

Adduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 3 main functional groups?

A

Prime mover, antagonist, and synergist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a prime mover also called?

A

Agonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the responsibility of the prime mover / agonist?

A

Producing specific movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the role of the antagonist?

A

Opposes or reverses particular movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the synergist help?

A

Prime movers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does the synergist do?

A

Adds extra force to the same movement, and reduces undesirable or unnecessary movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are fixators?

A

Type of synergist that immobilizes bone or the muscle’s origin rather than enhancing the movement of prime movers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does a fixator give to the prime mover?

A

A stable base on which to act upon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How are skeletal muscles named?

A
  1. Action
  2. Location
  3. Location of attachments
  4. Orientation of muscle fibers
  5. Shape
  6. Size
  7. Number of origins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does the action of a skeletal muscle indicate?

A

The muscle’s primary function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does the location of attachments of a skeletal muscle indicate?

A

Origins and/or insertions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is an example of an action naming a skeletal muscle?

A

Flexor digitorum longus flexes digits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is an example of a location naming a skeletal muscle?

A

Rectus femoris is near the femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is another example of a location naming a skeletal muscle?

A

Temporalis is over the temporal bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is an example of the location of attachments naming a skeletal muscle?

A

Sternocleidomastoid originates on the sternum and clavicle and inserts on the mastoid process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is an example of the orientation of muscle fibers naming a skeletal muscle?

A

Rectus abdominis is composed of fibers running in vertically straight (rectus) orientation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is an example of the shape naming a skeletal muscle?

A

Deltoid is shaped like a triangular delta symbol Δ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is an example of the size naming a skeletal muscle?

A

Gluteus maximus is the largest of the buttocks muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is another example of the size naming a skeletal muscle?

A

Longus (long)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is an example of the number of origins naming a skeletal muscle?

A

Triceps brachii has three heads attaching by tendons to the skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the circular muscles arrangement of fascicles?

A

Concentrically arranged fascicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What does circular muscles create?

A

A sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What does a sphincter do?

A

Controls material passage through an opening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the convergent muscles arrangement of fascicles?

A

Fascicles merge toward a common attachment site/tendon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the parallel muscles arrangement of fascicles?

A

Fascicles run parallel to the muscle’s long axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the pennate muscles arrangement of fascicles?

A

Fascicles organized as if part of a large feather and pull at an angle to the tendon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are the three types of pennate muscles?

A

Unipennate, bipennate, and multipennate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What does unipennate mean?

A

The fibers are on the same side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What does bipennate mean?

A

The fibers are on both sides of the tendon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What does multipennate mean?

A

The tendon branches within the muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is an example of a convergent muscule?

A

Pectoralis major

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is an example of a circular muscle?

A

Orbicularis oris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is an example of a fusiform muscle?

A

Biceps brachii

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is an example of a parallel muscle?

A

Sartorius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is an example of a multipennate muscle?

A

Deltoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is an example of a bipennate muscle?

A

Rectus femoris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is an example of a unipennate muscle?

A

Extensor digitorum longus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What are tips for learning muscles?

A
  1. Be aware of information learned from the muscles name
  2. Read description in table and identify muscle on the figure (helps to relate location and description)
  3. Relate muscles location and attachments to its actions
  4. Feel for muscles contracting beneath skin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Why are facial expression muscles different?

A

They insert into skin, not bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What type of communication are facial expression muscles important in?

A

Nonverbal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Facial muscles are innervated by which cranial nerve?

A

VII (Facial nerve)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What are the two groups that facial expression muscles consist of?

A

Muscles of the scalp and muscles of the face

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What muscle is used to smile?

A

Zygomaticus major

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What muscle is used to “pucker”?

A

Orbicularis oris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What muscle is used to pout?

A

Mentalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What muscle is used to tense your neck?

A

Platysma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What muscle is used for “angry” eyebrows?

A

Corrugator supercilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What muscle is used to blink?

A

Orbicularis oculi

63
Q

What muscle is used to raise the eyebrows or wrinkle the forehead?

A

Frontal belly of the occipitofrontalis

64
Q

What muscle is used to frown?

A

Depressor anguli oris

65
Q

Extrinsic eye muscles are ______

A

Extraocular

66
Q

Extrinsic eye muscles insert into what?

A

Outer surface of the eye and move it

67
Q

Extrinsic eye muscles contain how many muscles?

A

6 muscles: four rectus and two oblique

68
Q

What do the rectus eye muscles originate from?

A

Common tendinous ring

69
Q

What does the medial rectus do?

A

Pulls eye medially

70
Q

What cranial nerve is the medial rectus innervated by?

A

Cranial nerve III (oculomotor)

71
Q

What does the lateral rectus do?

A

Pulls eye laterally

72
Q

What cranial nerve is the lateral rectus innervated by?

A

Cranial nerve VI (abducens)

73
Q

What does the inferior rectus do?

A

Pulls eye inferiorly and medially

74
Q

What cranial nerve is the inferior rectus innervated by?

A

Cranial nerve III (oculomotor)

75
Q

What does the superior rectus do?

A

Pulls eye superiorly and medially

76
Q

What cranial nerve is the superior rectus innervated by?

A

Cranial nerve III (oculomotor)

77
Q

What are the four rectus eye muscles

A
  1. Medial rectus
  2. Lateral rectus
  3. Inferior rectus
  4. Superior rectus
78
Q

What are the two oblique eye muscles?

A
  1. Inferior oblique
  2. Superior oblique
79
Q

What does the inferior oblique do?

A

Elevates and turns eye laterally

80
Q

What cranial nerve is the inferior oblique innervated by?

A

Cranial nerve III (oculomotor)

81
Q

What does the superior oblique do?

A

Depresses and turns the eye laterally

82
Q

What does the superior oblique pass through?

A

Passes through a pulleylike loop, called the trochlea

83
Q

What cranial nerve is the superior oblique innervated by?

A

Cranial nerve IV (trochlear)

84
Q

What are the characteristics of the muscles of the vertebral column?

A

Complex, multiple origins and insertions, overlapping muscles

85
Q

What does the erector spinae do?

A

Maintains upright posture

86
Q

If the erector spinae is bilaterally contracted, what happens?

A

Vertebral column extends

87
Q

If the erector spinae is unilaterally contracted, what happens?

A

Lateral flexion toward that side

88
Q

What are the three groups of erector spinae muscles?

A
  1. Iliocostalis group
  2. Longissimus group
  3. Spinalis group
89
Q

Where is the iliocostalis group located?

A

Laterally located

90
Q

Where is the longissimus group located?

A

Intermediate location

91
Q

What does the longissimus group insert on?

A

Vertebrae’s transverse processes

92
Q

Where is the spinalis group located?

A

Medially located

93
Q

What does the spinalis group insert on?

A

Spinous processes of vertebrae

94
Q

What are the two phases of breathing?

A

Inspiration (inhaling) and expiration (exhaling)

95
Q

What muscles are included in the inspiratory muscles?

A

Diaphragm and external intercostals

96
Q

What do inspiratory muscles do?

A

Contraction of these muscles enlarges the rib cage

97
Q

The diaphragm divides what two cavites?

A

Thoracic and abdominal

98
Q

Expiration is brought on by the relaxation of what?

A

Inspiratory muscles

99
Q

Expiration is brought on by the contraction of what muscles?

A

Internal intercostals

100
Q

The relaxation of the inspiratory muscles causes the size of the rib cage to do what?

A

Relaxation

101
Q

What are the actions of the muscles of the abdominal wall?

A

Trunk flexion, lateral flexion, rotation of the trunk

102
Q

What do the actions of the muscles of the abdominal wall help you do?

A

Promotes urination, defecation, childbirth, vomiting, coughing, and screaming

103
Q

What are the actions of the muscles of the upper extremity?

A

Actions include flexion, extension, and abduction

104
Q

What are the three prime movers of the arm?

A

Pectoralis major (prime flexor)
Latissimus dorsi (prime extensor)
Deltoid (prime abductor)

105
Q

What are the rotator cuff muscles?

A

Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres major, subscapularis

106
Q

What does the teres major do?

A

Adduction of arm

107
Q

The teres major is the synergist of what muscle?

A

Latissimus dorsi for extension of the arm

108
Q

What does the biceps brachii allow?

A

Flexion of forearm

109
Q

What is the brachioradialis a synergist for?

A

Flexion of the forearm

110
Q

What does the triceps brachii allow?

A

Extension of the forearm

111
Q

What does the subscapularis help in?

A

Internally rotates and adducts the humerus

112
Q

What does the supraspinatus help in?

A

Elevates the shoulder

113
Q

What does the infraspinatus and teres minor help in?

A

External rotation

114
Q

What motion does the subscapularis muscle do?

A

Medial rotation

115
Q

What motion does the supraspinatus do?

A

Abduction

116
Q

What is a rotator cuff injury caused by?

A

Trauma, such as falling on the shoulder or lifting too heavy of an object, disease, or repetitive use

117
Q

What muscle is most commonly involved in a rotator cuff injury?

A

Supraspinatus

118
Q

What are symptoms of a rotator cuff injury?

A

Swelling, tenderness, and pain with movement

119
Q

What group of people are most likely to be affected by a rotator cuff injury?

A

Baseball players

120
Q

What are treatments for a rotator cuff injury?

A

Physical therapy or surgical repair

121
Q

What do most of the anterior muscles of the wrist/hand/fingers arise from?

A

Common flexor tendon attached to the medial epicondyle of the humerus

122
Q

Most tensions of insertion are held in place at the wrist by what anterior muscle?

A

Flexor retinaculum

123
Q

What do most of the posterior muscles of the wrist/hand/fingers arise from?

A

Common flexor tendon attached to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus

124
Q

Most tensions of insertion are held in place at the wrist by what posterior muscle?

A

Extensor retinaculum

125
Q

What is the strongest muscle of the body?

A

Masseter

126
Q

What are the muscles of mastication (chewing)

A

Masseter and temporalis

127
Q

What are the muscles of mastication (chewing) innervated by?

A

Cranial nerve V (trigeminal)

128
Q

What is another name for lateral epicondylitis?

A

Tennis elbow

129
Q

What causes lateral epicondylitis/tennis elbow?

A

Trauma or over use of common extensor tendon of posterior forearm muscles

130
Q

Where is the pain in tennis elbow located?

A

Lateral epicondyle of the humerus, the tendon’s attachment site

131
Q

What is the physiology of tennis elbow?

A

Repeated forceful contraction of forearm extensors

132
Q

How are muscles crossing the hip and knee joints grouped?

A

Grouped according to anterior, medial, or posterior

133
Q

Most anterior muscles that cross the hip and knee joints ____ the femur at the hip and ____ the leg at the knee

A

Flex the femur at the hip and extends the leg at the knee

134
Q

Most posterior muscles that cross the hip and knee joints ______ the thigh and _____ the leg

A

Extend the thigh and flex the leg

135
Q

All medial muscles that cross the hip and knee joints ____ the thigh

A

Adduct

136
Q

All three groups of muscles that cross the hip and knee joints are enclosed by what?

A

Fascia lata

137
Q

The deep fascia is continuous with what?

A

Fascia lata

138
Q

What are the crural muscles?

A

Muscles located in the leg that move the ankle, foot, and toes

139
Q

The crural muscles separate the leg into three compartments, what are they called?

A

Anterior, lateral, and posterior

140
Q

What are shin splints?

A

Soreness along the length of the tibia

141
Q

Who does shin splints often occur in?

A

New poorly conditioned runners

142
Q

Shin splints may be considered a type of what?

A

Compartment syndrome

143
Q

What is compartment syndrome?

A

Compression of blood vessels within a limb compartment

144
Q

Why does compartment syndrome occur?

A

Due to inflammation and swelling secondary to strain or trauma

145
Q

What is the physiology of compartment syndrome?

A

Increased pressure in compartment since deep fascia cannot stretch

146
Q

In severe cases, how is compartment syndrome treated?

A

Fascia is cut to relieve pressure

147
Q

What is the gastrocnemius?

A

The primary plantar flexor of the foot

148
Q

What is the tibialis anterior?

A

Primary dorsiflexor of the foot

149
Q

What is the origin of the rectus abdominis?

A

Pubic symphysis

150
Q

What are the insertions of the rectus abdominis?

A

Xiphoid process and costal cartilages of ribs 5-7

151
Q

What 4 muscles are in the quadriceps femoris group?

A

Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius

152
Q

What is special about the quadriceps femoris group?

A

They are the strongest group of muscles in the body

153
Q

What muscles make up the hamstrings?

A

Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus

A&P 1 Summer 2023 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions