A&P Chapter 10 Flashcards
1
Q
What is an origin of a muscle?
A
The less movable attachment of a muscle
2
Q
What attachment is typically the origin?
A
The more proximal attachment
3
Q
What is an insertion of a muscle?
A
The more movable attachment, which is pulled toward the origin when the muscle contracts
4
Q
What attachment is typically the insertion?
A
The more distal attachment
5
Q
Muscles can only ______, never _____
A
Pull, never push
6
Q
What are axial muscles?
A
Muscles that have both origins and insertions on the axial skeleton
7
Q
What do axial muscles do?
A
Support and move the head and vertebral column, function in facial expression, breathing, chewing, and swallowing, and support and protect abdominal and pelvic organs
8
Q
What do appendicular muscles do?
A
Control movements of upper and lower limbs, and control movements of pectoral and pelvic girdles
9
Q
What are appendicular muscles organized by?
A
Organized into groups based on locations
10
Q
The action of a muscle can be inferred by the what?
A
Position of the muscle relative to the joint it crosses
11
Q
A muscle that crosses on the anterior side of a joint produces _____
A
Flexion
12
Q
A muscle that crosses on the posterior side of a joint produces _____
A
Extension
13
Q
A muscle that crosses on the lateral side of a joint produces ______
A
Abduction
14
Q
A muscle that crosses on the medial side of a joint produces ______
A
Adduction
15
Q
What are the 3 main functional groups?
A
Prime mover, antagonist, and synergist
16
Q
What is a prime mover also called?
A
Agonist
17
Q
What is the responsibility of the prime mover / agonist?
A
Producing specific movement
18
Q
What is the role of the antagonist?
A
Opposes or reverses particular movement
19
Q
What does the synergist help?
A
Prime movers
20
Q
What does the synergist do?
A
Adds extra force to the same movement, and reduces undesirable or unnecessary movement
21
Q
What are fixators?
A
Type of synergist that immobilizes bone or the muscle’s origin rather than enhancing the movement of prime movers
22
Q
What does a fixator give to the prime mover?
A
A stable base on which to act upon
23
Q
How are skeletal muscles named?
A
- Action
- Location
- Location of attachments
- Orientation of muscle fibers
- Shape
- Size
- Number of origins
24
Q
What does the action of a skeletal muscle indicate?
A
The muscle’s primary function
25
What does the location of attachments of a skeletal muscle indicate?
Origins and/or insertions
26
What is an example of an action naming a skeletal muscle?
Flexor digitorum longus flexes digits
27
What is an example of a location naming a skeletal muscle?
Rectus femoris is near the femur
28
What is another example of a location naming a skeletal muscle?
Temporalis is over the temporal bone
29
What is an example of the location of attachments naming a skeletal muscle?
Sternocleidomastoid originates on the sternum and clavicle and inserts on the mastoid process
30
What is an example of the orientation of muscle fibers naming a skeletal muscle?
Rectus abdominis is composed of fibers running in vertically straight (rectus) orientation
31
What is an example of the shape naming a skeletal muscle?
Deltoid is shaped like a triangular delta symbol Δ
32
What is an example of the size naming a skeletal muscle?
Gluteus maximus is the largest of the buttocks muscles
33
What is another example of the size naming a skeletal muscle?
Longus (long)
34
What is an example of the number of origins naming a skeletal muscle?
Triceps brachii has three heads attaching by tendons to the skeleton
35
What is the circular muscles arrangement of fascicles?
Concentrically arranged fascicles
36
What does circular muscles create?
A sphincter
37
What does a sphincter do?
Controls material passage through an opening
38
What is the convergent muscles arrangement of fascicles?
Fascicles merge toward a common attachment site/tendon
39
What is the parallel muscles arrangement of fascicles?
Fascicles run parallel to the muscle's long axis
40
What is the pennate muscles arrangement of fascicles?
Fascicles organized as if part of a large feather and pull at an angle to the tendon
41
What are the three types of pennate muscles?
Unipennate, bipennate, and multipennate
42
What does unipennate mean?
The fibers are on the same side
43
What does bipennate mean?
The fibers are on both sides of the tendon
44
What does multipennate mean?
The tendon branches within the muscle
45
What is an example of a convergent muscule?
Pectoralis major
46
What is an example of a circular muscle?
Orbicularis oris
47
What is an example of a fusiform muscle?
Biceps brachii
48
What is an example of a parallel muscle?
Sartorius
49
What is an example of a multipennate muscle?
Deltoid
50
What is an example of a bipennate muscle?
Rectus femoris
51
What is an example of a unipennate muscle?
Extensor digitorum longus
52
What are tips for learning muscles?
1. Be aware of information learned from the muscles name
2. Read description in table and identify muscle on the figure (helps to relate location and description)
3. Relate muscles location and attachments to its actions
4. Feel for muscles contracting beneath skin
53
Why are facial expression muscles different?
They insert into skin, not bone
54
What type of communication are facial expression muscles important in?
Nonverbal
55
Facial muscles are innervated by which cranial nerve?
VII (Facial nerve)
56
What are the two groups that facial expression muscles consist of?
Muscles of the scalp and muscles of the face
57
What muscle is used to smile?
Zygomaticus major
58
What muscle is used to "pucker"?
Orbicularis oris
59
What muscle is used to pout?
Mentalis
60
What muscle is used to tense your neck?
Platysma
61
What muscle is used for "angry" eyebrows?
Corrugator supercilli
62
What muscle is used to blink?
Orbicularis oculi
63
What muscle is used to raise the eyebrows or wrinkle the forehead?
Frontal belly of the occipitofrontalis
64
What muscle is used to frown?
Depressor anguli oris
65
Extrinsic eye muscles are ______
Extraocular
66
Extrinsic eye muscles insert into what?
Outer surface of the eye and move it
67
Extrinsic eye muscles contain how many muscles?
6 muscles: four rectus and two oblique
68
What do the rectus eye muscles originate from?
Common tendinous ring
69
What does the medial rectus do?
Pulls eye medially
70
What cranial nerve is the medial rectus innervated by?
Cranial nerve III (oculomotor)
71
What does the lateral rectus do?
Pulls eye laterally
72
What cranial nerve is the lateral rectus innervated by?
Cranial nerve VI (abducens)
73
What does the inferior rectus do?
Pulls eye inferiorly and medially
74
What cranial nerve is the inferior rectus innervated by?
Cranial nerve III (oculomotor)
75
What does the superior rectus do?
Pulls eye superiorly and medially
76
What cranial nerve is the superior rectus innervated by?
Cranial nerve III (oculomotor)
77
What are the four rectus eye muscles
1. Medial rectus
2. Lateral rectus
3. Inferior rectus
4. Superior rectus
78
What are the two oblique eye muscles?
1. Inferior oblique
2. Superior oblique
79
What does the inferior oblique do?
Elevates and turns eye laterally
80
What cranial nerve is the inferior oblique innervated by?
Cranial nerve III (oculomotor)
81
What does the superior oblique do?
Depresses and turns the eye laterally
82
What does the superior oblique pass through?
Passes through a pulleylike loop, called the trochlea
83
What cranial nerve is the superior oblique innervated by?
Cranial nerve IV (trochlear)
84
What are the characteristics of the muscles of the vertebral column?
Complex, multiple origins and insertions, overlapping muscles
85
What does the erector spinae do?
Maintains upright posture
86
If the erector spinae is bilaterally contracted, what happens?
Vertebral column extends
87
If the erector spinae is unilaterally contracted, what happens?
Lateral flexion toward that side
88
What are the three groups of erector spinae muscles?
1. Iliocostalis group
2. Longissimus group
3. Spinalis group
89
Where is the iliocostalis group located?
Laterally located
90
Where is the longissimus group located?
Intermediate location
91
What does the longissimus group insert on?
Vertebrae's transverse processes
92
Where is the spinalis group located?
Medially located
93
What does the spinalis group insert on?
Spinous processes of vertebrae
94
What are the two phases of breathing?
Inspiration (inhaling) and expiration (exhaling)
95
What muscles are included in the inspiratory muscles?
Diaphragm and external intercostals
96
What do inspiratory muscles do?
Contraction of these muscles enlarges the rib cage
97
The diaphragm divides what two cavites?
Thoracic and abdominal
98
Expiration is brought on by the relaxation of what?
Inspiratory muscles
99
Expiration is brought on by the contraction of what muscles?
Internal intercostals
100
The relaxation of the inspiratory muscles causes the size of the rib cage to do what?
Relaxation
101
What are the actions of the muscles of the abdominal wall?
Trunk flexion, lateral flexion, rotation of the trunk
102
What do the actions of the muscles of the abdominal wall help you do?
Promotes urination, defecation, childbirth, vomiting, coughing, and screaming
103
What are the actions of the muscles of the upper extremity?
Actions include flexion, extension, and abduction
104
What are the three prime movers of the arm?
Pectoralis major (prime flexor)
Latissimus dorsi (prime extensor)
Deltoid (prime abductor)
105
What are the rotator cuff muscles?
Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres major, subscapularis
106
What does the teres major do?
Adduction of arm
107
The teres major is the synergist of what muscle?
Latissimus dorsi for extension of the arm
108
What does the biceps brachii allow?
Flexion of forearm
109
What is the brachioradialis a synergist for?
Flexion of the forearm
110
What does the triceps brachii allow?
Extension of the forearm
111
What does the subscapularis help in?
Internally rotates and adducts the humerus
112
What does the supraspinatus help in?
Elevates the shoulder
113
What does the infraspinatus and teres minor help in?
External rotation
114
What motion does the subscapularis muscle do?
Medial rotation
115
What motion does the supraspinatus do?
Abduction
116
What is a rotator cuff injury caused by?
Trauma, such as falling on the shoulder or lifting too heavy of an object, disease, or repetitive use
117
What muscle is most commonly involved in a rotator cuff injury?
Supraspinatus
118
What are symptoms of a rotator cuff injury?
Swelling, tenderness, and pain with movement
119
What group of people are most likely to be affected by a rotator cuff injury?
Baseball players
120
What are treatments for a rotator cuff injury?
Physical therapy or surgical repair
121
What do most of the anterior muscles of the wrist/hand/fingers arise from?
Common flexor tendon attached to the medial epicondyle of the humerus
122
Most tensions of insertion are held in place at the wrist by what anterior muscle?
Flexor retinaculum
123
What do most of the posterior muscles of the wrist/hand/fingers arise from?
Common flexor tendon attached to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus
124
Most tensions of insertion are held in place at the wrist by what posterior muscle?
Extensor retinaculum
125
What is the strongest muscle of the body?
Masseter
126
What are the muscles of mastication (chewing)
Masseter and temporalis
127
What are the muscles of mastication (chewing) innervated by?
Cranial nerve V (trigeminal)
128
What is another name for lateral epicondylitis?
Tennis elbow
129
What causes lateral epicondylitis/tennis elbow?
Trauma or over use of common extensor tendon of posterior forearm muscles
130
Where is the pain in tennis elbow located?
Lateral epicondyle of the humerus, the tendon's attachment site
131
What is the physiology of tennis elbow?
Repeated forceful contraction of forearm extensors
132
How are muscles crossing the hip and knee joints grouped?
Grouped according to anterior, medial, or posterior
133
Most anterior muscles that cross the hip and knee joints ____ the femur at the hip and ____ the leg at the knee
Flex the femur at the hip and extends the leg at the knee
134
Most posterior muscles that cross the hip and knee joints ______ the thigh and _____ the leg
Extend the thigh and flex the leg
135
All medial muscles that cross the hip and knee joints ____ the thigh
Adduct
136
All three groups of muscles that cross the hip and knee joints are enclosed by what?
Fascia lata
137
The deep fascia is continuous with what?
Fascia lata
138
What are the crural muscles?
Muscles located in the leg that move the ankle, foot, and toes
139
The crural muscles separate the leg into three compartments, what are they called?
Anterior, lateral, and posterior
140
What are shin splints?
Soreness along the length of the tibia
141
Who does shin splints often occur in?
New poorly conditioned runners
142
Shin splints may be considered a type of what?
Compartment syndrome
143
What is compartment syndrome?
Compression of blood vessels within a limb compartment
144
Why does compartment syndrome occur?
Due to inflammation and swelling secondary to strain or trauma
145
What is the physiology of compartment syndrome?
Increased pressure in compartment since deep fascia cannot stretch
146
In severe cases, how is compartment syndrome treated?
Fascia is cut to relieve pressure
147
What is the gastrocnemius?
The primary plantar flexor of the foot
148
What is the tibialis anterior?
Primary dorsiflexor of the foot
149
What is the origin of the rectus abdominis?
Pubic symphysis
150
What are the insertions of the rectus abdominis?
Xiphoid process and costal cartilages of ribs 5-7
151
What 4 muscles are in the quadriceps femoris group?
Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius
152
What is special about the quadriceps femoris group?
They are the strongest group of muscles in the body
153
What muscles make up the hamstrings?
Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus
