A&P Chapter 14

Question 1

The automatic nervous system consists of motor neurons that do what?

Answer 1

1. Innervate smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands
2. Make adjustments to ensure optimal support for body activities
3. Operate by subconscious control

Question 2

What are examples of the ANS making adjustments to ensure optimal support for body activities?

Answer 2

Shunts blood to areas that need it, adjusts heart rate, blood pressure, and digestive processes

Question 3

What are the neurotransmitter effects of the somatic nervous system?

Answer 3

All somatic motor neurons release acetylcholine. The effect is always stimulatory

Question 4

What are the neurotransmitter effects of the ANS?

Answer 4

-Preganglionic fibers release ACh
-Postganglionic fibers release norepinephrine or ACh at effectors
-Effect is either stimulatory or inhibitory, depending on the type of receptors

Question 5

What are the two divisions of the ANS?

Answer 5

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic

Question 6

What does the parasympathetic division do?

Answer 6

Maintenance functions, conserves energy

Question 7

What does the sympathetic division do?

Answer 7

Mobilizes body during activity

Question 8

What is dual innervation?

Answer 8

All visceral organs are served by both divisions, but these divisions cause opposite effects

Question 9

_____ ______ between these two divisions maintains homeostasis

Answer 9

Dynamic antagonism

Question 10

What does the parasympathetic division do? (More in depth)

Answer 10

Keeps body energy use as low as possible, even while carrying out maintenance activities. Directs digestion, diuresis, and defecation

Question 11

What is the parasympathetic division referred to as?

Answer 11

Rest-and-digest system

Question 12

What is an example of what occurs with the parasympathetic system when a person is relaxing and reading after a meal?

Answer 12

1. Blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rates are low
2. Gastrointestinal tract activity is high
3. Pupils are constricted, lenses accommodated for close vision

Question 13

The sympathetic division is referred to as what?

Answer 13

Fight-or-flight system

Question 14

What actions activates the sympathetic division?

Answer 14

Exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment

Question 15

What are examples of the symptoms caused by the sympathetic division?

Answer 15

Increased heart rate, dry mouth, cold & sweaty skin, dilated pupils

Question 16

What is an example of what occurs with the sympathetic system during vigorous physical activity?

Answer 16

1. Shunts blood to skeletal muscles and heart
2. Dilates bronchioles
3. Causes liver to release glucose

Question 17

The sympathetic system is more ______ and _______ more organs than the parasympathetic system

Answer 17

More complex and innervates more organs

Question 18

Some structures are innervated only by the sympathetic system, what are they?

Answer 18

Sweat glands, arrector pili muscle of the hair follicles, smooth muscles of all blood vessels

Question 19

Most visceral organs have ____ _____, that are sometimes _____

Answer 19

Dual innervation; cooperative

Question 20

Action potentials continually fire down the axons of both divisions, producing a dynamic antagonistic interaction. It works precisely to control visceral activity. What is an example of this in each of the two systems?

Answer 20

Sympathetic division increases heart and respiratory rates while inhibiting digestion and elimination

Parasympathetic division decreases heart and respiratory while allowing for digestion and discarding of wastes

Question 21

Almost all blood vessel smooth muscle is entirely innervated by _______ ______ ______, so this division controls blood pressure, even at rest

Answer 21

Sympathetic fibers only

Question 22

The sympathetic division can ______ these effects during times of stress

Answer 22

Override

Question 23

Drugs that _____ parasympathetic responses increase heart rate and causes fecal and urinary retention

Answer 23

Block

Question 24

What are the parasympathetic effects of the eye/iris?

Answer 24

Stimulates sphincter pupillae muscles; constricts pupils

Question 25

What are the sympathetic effects of the eye/iris?

Answer 25

Stimulates dilator pupillae muscles, dilates pupils

Question 26

What are the parasympathetic effects of the sweat glands?

Answer 26

No effect (no innervation)

Question 27

What are the sympathetic effects of the sweat glands?

Answer 27

Stimulates copious sweating (cholinergic fibers)

Question 28

What are the parasympathetic effects of the heart muscle?

Answer 28

Decreases rate (slows heart)

Question 29

What are the sympathetic effects of the heart muscle?

Answer 29

Increases rate and force of heartbeat

Question 30

What are the parasympathetic effects of the lungs?

Answer 30

Constricts bronchioles

Question 31

What are the sympathetic effects of the lungs?

Answer 31

Dilates bronchioles

Question 32

The sympathetic effects of the lungs are mediated by what?

Answer 32

Epinephrine release into the bloodstream from the adrenal medulla

Question 33

What are the parasympathetic effects of the digestive tract organs?

Answer 33

Increases motility (peristalsis) and amount of secretion by digestive organs; relaxes sphincters to allow foodstuffs to move through tract

Question 34

What are the sympathetic effects of the digestive tract organs?

Answer 34

Decreases activity of glands and muscles of the digestive system, constricts sphincters (like the anal sphincter)

Question 35

What are the parasympathetic effects of the blood vessels?

Answer 35

Little to no effect (except blood vessels to the external genitalia)

Question 36

What are the sympathetic effects of the blood vessels?

Answer 36

Constricts most vessels and increases blood pressure; constricts vessels of abdominal viscera and skin to divert blood to muscles, brain, and heart when necessary; epinephrine weakly dilates vessels of skeletal muscles during exercise

Question 37

The sympathetic effects of the blood vessels are mediated by what?

Answer 37

Epinephrine release into the blood stream from the adrenal medulla

Question 38

Many ANS disorders involve what?

Answer 38

Deficient control of smooth muscle activity

Question 39

What is hypertension caused by?

Answer 39

Overactive sympathetic vasoconstrictor response to stress

Question 40

What happens to the heart and artery walls in hypertension?

Answer 40

Heart must work harder, and artery walls are subject to increased wear and tear

Question 41

How is hypertension treated?

Answer 41

With adrenergic receptor-blocking drugs

Question 42

What is Raynaud’s syndrome?

Answer 42

Sudden constriction of small arteries of digits, results in loss of normal hue of distal skin. It’s accompanied by pain. Triggered by cold or emotional stress. Due to exaggerated local sympathetic response. More common in women.