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A&P 1 Summer 2023 > A&P Chapter 3 > Flashcards

A&P Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell Theory

A

A cell is the structural and functional unit of life

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2
Q

How many different types of human cells are there?

A

250

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3
Q

What are the three basic parts of human cells?

A

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

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4
Q

The plasma membrane acts as an ______

A

Active barrier separating intracellular fluid from extracellular fluid

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5
Q

What is the lipid bilayer made up of?

A

75% Phospholipids, 5% Glycolipids, 20% Cholesterol

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6
Q

What does Cholesterol do for the lipid bilayer?

A

Increases membrane stability

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7
Q

What is integral proteins function?

A

Transport protein (channels and carriers), enzymes, or receptors.

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8
Q

What are integral proteins?

A

Transmembrane proteins. They go through the entire membrane

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9
Q

What are peripheral proteins?

A

Loosely attached to integral proteins that are attached to the surface

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10
Q

What are peripheral proteins function?

A

Functions as enzymes, motor proteins for shape change during cell division and muscle contractions, and cell to cell connections.

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11
Q

What do carbohydrates on the outside of the cell form?

A

The gluycocalyx

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12
Q

What cells are not bound to any other cells?

A

Blood cells and sperm cells

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13
Q

What are the three ways cells are bound together to form tissues and organs?

A

Tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions

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14
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

Impermeable junctions that form continuous seals around the cell and prevent molecules from passing between cells

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15
Q

Example of tight junctions

A

In the bladder to prevent leakage of urine

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16
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

Anchoring junctions that bind adjacent cells together and keeps cells from tearing apart

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17
Q

What is an example of desomosomes?

A

External layer of skin

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18
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

Communicating that allow ions and small molecules to pass from cell to cell.

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19
Q

What are gap cells important for?

A

Heart cells and embryonic cells

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20
Q

Example of gap junctions

A

Cardiac cells

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21
Q

What are the two ways substances cross the plasma membrane?

A

Passive transport and active transport

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22
Q

What is passive transport?

A

Where molecules move along a concentration gradient.

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23
Q

Does passive transport require energy?

A

No

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24
Q

What are the three types of passive transport?

A

Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

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25
Q

What are the two types of active transport?

A

Primary active transport and secondary active transport

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26
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Natural movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to low concentration. Moving down a concentration gradient

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27
Q

What are the three types of diffusion?

A

Simple diffusion, carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion via protein carrier, and channel-mediated facilitated diffusion through a channel protein

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28
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

Lipid-soluble molecules directly through the phospholipid bilayer

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29
Q

What is carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion via protein carrier?

A

Specific for one chemical; binding of solute causes transport to change shape

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30
Q

What is channel-mediated facilitated diffusion through a channel protein?

A

Mostly ions selected on basis of size and charge

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31
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

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32
Q

Water follows ______

A

Solute

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33
Q

What does water follows solute mean?

A

Water moves by osmosis from areas of low solute (high water) concentration to high areas of solute (low water) concentration

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34
Q

What does active transport require?

A

Carrier proteins

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35
Q

What do carrier proteins do for active transport?

A

Bind specifically and reversibly with the substance being moved. Some carriers transport more than one substance

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36
Q

What does active transport do?

A

Moves solutes their concentration gradient (from low to high)

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37
Q

What do antiporters do?

A

They transport one substance into the cell while transporting a different substance out of the cell

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38
Q

What do symporters do?

A

Transports two different substances in the same direction?

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39
Q

What is primary active transport?

A

Required energy comes directly from ATP hydrolysis. Uses a calcium pump and a Na-K pump

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40
Q

What is secondary active transport?

A

Required energy is obtained indirectly from ionic gradients created by primary active transport

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41
Q

What do vesicular transport processes in active transport include?

A

Endocytosis, exocytosis, transcytosis, and vesicular trafficking

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42
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Transport into the cell

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43
Q

What are the three types of endocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis

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44
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Transport out of the cell

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45
Q

What is transcytosis?

A

Transport into, across, and then out of the cell

46
Q

What is vesicular trafficking?

A

Transport from one area or organelle in the cell to another

47
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

All cellular material that is located between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

48
Q

What is cytoplasm composed of?

A

Cytosol and other inclusions

49
Q

What is the cytosol?

A

Gel-like solution made of water and soluble molecules such as proteins, salts, sugars, etc

50
Q

What are inclusions in the cytoplasm?

A

Insoluble molecules that vary with cell type

51
Q

Examples of insoluble molecules that vary with cell type

A

Glucogen, granules, pigments, lipids, droplets, vacuoles, crystals

52
Q

What are organelles?

A

Metabolic machinery structures of the cell, each with specialized function; either membranous or nonmembranous

53
Q

What are the membranous organelles?

A

Mitochondria, ER, Golgi Apparatus, Peroxisomes, and lysosomes

54
Q

What are the nonmembranous organelles?

A

Ribosomes, cytoskeleton, and centrioles

55
Q

What is the mitochrondria?

A

The site of ATP synthesis in the cell

56
Q

What does the mitochondria contain their own of?

A

DNA, RNA, and ribosomes

57
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

The site of protein synthesis

58
Q

What are the two switchable forms of ribosomes?

A

Free and membrane-bound ribosomes

59
Q

What are free ribosomes?

A

Free floating; site of synthesis of soluble proteins that function in cytosol or other organelles

60
Q

What are membrane-bound ribosomes?

A

Attached to membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum; site of synthesis of proteins to be incorporated into membranes or lysosomes, or exported from the cell

61
Q

What are the two types of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Rough ER and smooth ER

62
Q

What is the rough ER?

A

Large organelle that makes proteins and sends them to the golgi apparatus

63
Q

What is the smooth ER?

A

The site of lipid and steroid synthesis and lipid metabolism

64
Q

What is the golgi apparatus?

A

Organelle that packages proteins and forms lysosomes

65
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

Site of free radical neutralization and detoxification

66
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

The site of intracellular digestion. Contains digestive enzymes and digests ingested bacteria, viruses, and toxins.

67
Q

What do lysosomes degrade?

A

Nonfunctional organelles

68
Q

What are the three types of the cytoskeleton?

A

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

69
Q

What are microfilaments?

A

Strands made of spherical protein subunits called actin

70
Q

What are intermediate filaments?

A

Tough insoluble protein fibers constructed like woven ropes composed of tetramer (4) fibrils

71
Q

What are microtubules?

A

Hollow tubes of spherical protein subunits called tubulin

72
Q

What are microtubules?

A

Hollow tubes of spherical protein subunits called tubulin

72
Q

What are microtubules?

A

Hollow tubes of spherical protein subunits called tubulin

73
Q

What are centrioles?

A

A pair of barrel-shaped microtubular organelles that lie at right angles to each other. Newly assemble microtubules radiate from centrosome to rest of the cell.

74
Q

What do centrioles aid in?

A

Cell division

75
Q

What do centrioles form?

A

The basis of cilia and flagella

76
Q

What are cilia?

A

Whiplike, motile extensions on surfaces of certain cells, used to propel substances across a cell

77
Q

Example of cilia

A

In respiratory cells to sweep mucus along

78
Q

What are cilia made up of?

A

Microtubules

79
Q

What are flagella?

A

Longer extensions for movement of the whole cell

80
Q

Example of flagella

A

Tail of sperm

81
Q

What are flagella made of?

A

Microtubules

82
Q

What are microvilli?

A

Minute, fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane that project from surface of select cells. Used to increase surface area for absorption

83
Q

Example of microvilli

A

Intestinal and kidney tubule cells

84
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

DNA

85
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

Double-membrane barrier that encloses the jelly-like fluid, the nucleoplasm

86
Q

What do nuclear pores allow?

A

Substances to pass into and out of the nucleus

87
Q

What is the nucleolus the site of?

A

Ribosomal assembly

88
Q

Most cells are ______

A

Uninucleate (one nucleus)

89
Q

Skeletal muscle, certain blood cells, and some liver cells are _______

A

Multinucleate (many nuclei)

90
Q

Red blood cells are _________

A

Anucleate (no nucleus)

91
Q

The cell cycle acronym

A

PMAT

92
Q

What does PMAT stand for?

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

93
Q

What order is the cell cycle?

A

Interphase –> Prophase –> Metaphase –> Anaphase –> Telophase –> Cytokinesis

94
Q

What is prophase?

A

The miotic spindle, where it comes together

95
Q

What is metaphase?

A

Where they line up

96
Q

What is anaphase?

A

Where they are pulled apart

97
Q

What is telophase?

A

Where the nucleolus forms, and the contractile ring at cleavage furrow

98
Q

What is cytokenesis?

A

Cleavage furrow develops and the cytoplasm of the cell divides. Two daughter cells are pinched apart

99
Q

When does cytokinesis begin?

A

During late anaphase and continues through mitosis

100
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death

101
Q

What does cells does apoptosis cause to neatly self-destruct?

A

Cancer, infected, and old cells

102
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Accelerated growth that increases cell numbers when needed

103
Q

What are the two types of hyperplasia?

A

Physiologic, and pathologic

104
Q

What is physiologic hyperplasia?

A

Occurs due to a normal stressor

105
Q

What are examples of physiologic hyperplasia?

A

Increased thickness of endometrium during menstrual cycle, increased size of breast during pregnancy

106
Q

What is pathologic hyperplasia?

A

Occurs due to an abnormal stressor

107
Q

What is an example of pathologic hyperplasia?

A

Cell changes due to cancer

108
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Increase in size that results from overstimulation or use

109
Q

What is atrophy?

A

Decrease in size that results from loss of stimulatino or use

A&P 1 Summer 2023 (17 decks)

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