A&P 26 Flashcards
0
Q
Food is broken down into smaller substances
A
Catabolism
1
Q
The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into usable materials for energy
A
Digestion
2
Q
Transferring broken down food elements into the circulation for transport
A
Absorption
3
Q
After absorption when these elements are carried to the body’s cells to be used for energy and building cells
A
Anabolism
4
Q
Another name for digestive tract
A
GI tract
Alementary canal
5
Q
Efficient food processing mechanism for digestion and absorption. This takes place where
A
Digestive tract
6
Q
Final stage of digestion where elimination and defamation occurred
A
Egestion
7
Q
Actions of the digestive system are controlled majority and minorly by
A
Majority: nervous system
Minorly: endocrine system
8
Q
Another name for the mouth
A
Oral cavity
9
Q
Roof of mouth consisting of hard and soft?
A
Palates
10
Q
Hard palate is where and consists of what
A
Front of mouth
Bones and tissue
11
Q
Soft palate is made of what and found where
A
Muscle tissue
Separates mouth from Nasopharynx
12
Q
Name three salivary glands
A
Sublingual
Parotid
Submandibular
13
Q
Sublingual salivary glands are found
A
Under tongue
14
Q
Parotid salivary glands are found
A
Cheeks
15
Q
Submandibular salivary glands are found
A
Under lower jaw
16
Q
Saliva is made of
A
Water and thick mucous called mucin
17
Q
Salivary glands are what type of glands
A
Endocrine glands
18
Q
Lubricates and causes food particles to stick together to form a bolus of food
A
Mucin
19
Q
Salivary amylase is an enzyme called
A
Ptyalin
20
Q
What system controls your salivary glands
A
Nervous system
21
Q
What does saliva contain to prevent infections
A
Lysosomes
Immunoglobulins
22
Q
Starch (polysaccharide) begin breakdown where
A
Mouth
23
Q
PH of saliva is
A
6.8
24
Name the chief functions of teeth
Mastication
25
The physical breaking of food
Mastication
26
Gum of mouth
Gingiva
27
Bulk of tooth material under enamel
Dentin
28
Tough skeletal muscle in mouth covered in mucous membrane
Tongue
29
Bottom of tongue, fold of mucous membrane which helps to attach tongue to floor of mouth
Frenulum
30
Pushing of food into mouth by tongue
Deglutination
31
Difficulty swallowing
Dysphagia
32
Wavelike contractions of the intestines by which they propel their contents trough the GI tract
Peristalsis
33
Gullet that lines from neck to stomach
Esophagus
34
Muscle that guards the stomach opening
Cardiac sphincter
35
Cardiac sphincter also known as
Lower esophageal sphincter
36
When LES doesn't relax and food cannot go into stomach
Achalasia
37
When the LES does not close properly and acid returns into the esophagus
Heart burn acid reflux
38
Food begins in the gastric or peptic phase of digestion which is the
Stomach
39
The stomach can expand to hold
8 cups of water
40
The stomach receives it's blood supply from
The celiac arteries
41
Controls the opening between the stomach and the duodenal portion of the small intestine
Pyloric sphincter
42
When stomach is empty it collapses and lies in folds called
Rugue
43
Another place in body containing Rugue besides the stomach
Bladder
44
Longing found under the muscular layer of stomach that contains nerves blood and lymph vessels
Sub mucosa
45
Layers of stomach wall
Mucosa inner
Submucosa
Muscles
Serous membrane
46
Milky substance after breakdown of food in stomach
Chyme
47
Emesis
Vomiting
48
20 ft long intestine separated by duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
Small intestine
49
1st portion of small intestine which secretes mucous to protect against acidic chyme and secretes bile
Duodenum
50
Peters patch of lymph nodes are found in
Ileum portion of small intestine
51
Sphincter like muscle that regulates back flow into the small intestine
Illeocal valve
52
Large intestine is divided into
Cecum
Colon
Rectum
53
Function of the large intestine
Water and vitamin k re absorption
54
Vitamin k is good for
Blood clotting
55
RLQ of body you find the cecum and appendix. This is the first portion of the lg intestine. When the appendix is infected by feces unable to fully drain out this will lead to
Appendicitis
56
Colon consists of three portions
Ascending
Transverse
Descending
57
What part of the colon absorbs fluid salts and vitamins
Ascending and transverse
58
Last portion of the colon that holds feces until defacation
Sigma
59
Egestion occurs
Rectum and anus
60
Pathway of digestion
```
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Cardiac sphincter
Stomach
Pyloric sphincter
Small intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Illeocal valve
Large intestine
Cecum
Colon ascending transverse and descending
Sigmoid
Rectum
Anus
```
61
Name four accessory organs
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Peritoneum
62
Bodies largest grandular organ
Liver
63
Liver found in what quadrant
Upper right quadrant
64
Liver receives blood supply from
Hepatic artery
65
Detoxifies blood by removing toxins and poisons , absorbs bilirubin from destruction of old RBCs
Liver
66
The liver stores glucose as
Glycogen
67
This organ stores fats and carbs and also fat soluble vitamins such as A,D,E,K and iron
Liver
68
The liver aids in formation of what vitamin
A
69
The liver forms what three plasma proteins
Albumin
Prothrombin
Globulins
70
The liver produces blue and the gallbladder
Stores the bile
71
Stores and releases bile as needed into the small intestine
Gallbladder
72
Removal of gallbladder for liver to take over its functions
Cholecystomy
73
System of passageways for the transport of bile from the liver to the gallbladder to intestine
Biliary apparatus
74
Passageway of the biliary apparatus
Liver
Hepatic duct
Cystic duct
Gallbladder for storage
75
Activates the gallbladder to release bile
Cholecystokinin
76
Cholithiasis
Gall stones
77
The liver synthesizes carbs fats and proteins and delivers to the heart through
Hepatic vein
78
Located behind the stomach
| Secretes insulin, glucagon, sematostatin into bloodstream to regulate blood sugar levels
Pancreas
79
Exocrine functions of the pancreas
Produces pancreatic juices by its acinar cells
80
Acinar cells in the pancrease produce three main enzymes
Amylase
Trypsin
Lipase
81
Amylase aids in breakdown of
Starch
82
Trypsin aids in breakdown of
Proteins to amino acids
83
Lipase aids in breakdown of
Fats and lipids into triglycerides
84
Pancreas activates enzymes in the
Small intestine duodenum portion
85
Also found in pancreatic juice is
Water and bicarbonates HCO3-
86
Best PH levels for enzymes to react is
5 to 8
87
Serous membrane that covers and protects abdominal organs
Peritoneum
88
The peritoneum is made if three layers
Visceral
Peritoneal cavity with fluid
Parietal
89
Folds of the peritoneum that provides support and protection to the intestines are called
Mesentaries
90
What enzyme is found in the mouth
Salivary amylase ptyalin
91
Ptyalin is an enzymes used to breakdown
Starch into dextrin
92
In the stomach lining this aids in stimulation of HCI and pepsin
Mucin
93
Regulatory hormones found in pyloric glands
Gastrin
94
Parietal cells of stomach secretes
HCI and intrisic factor
95
HCI hydroxides carbs into
Glucose and fructose
96
Chief cells of stomach
Pepsinogen
| Gastric lipase
97
Pepsinogen in stomach turns into pepsin and
Begins digestion of proteins into polypeptides
98
Gastric lipase digests
Fats into triglycerides mostly emulsifies fats
99
Enzyme found in kidneys
Renin
100
Renin regulates
Blood pressure
101
Storage areas of the stomach
Fondus and body of stomach
102
Part of stomach used for main digestion
Pyloris
103
When activated by HCI Pepsinogen turns into pepsin which aids in
Breakdown of proteins
104
Intrisic factor is necessary for absorption of
Vitamin b12
105
Regulatory hormone produced by stomach which stimulates secretion of HCI and Pepsinogen also helps pancreas to secrete enzymes and gallbladder to secrete bile
Gastrin
| Pyloric glands
106
A hormone secreted by the jejunum and duodenum of small intestine
Cholecystokinin
107
Cholecystokinin activates the
Gallbladder to release bile into the duodenum
108
Cholecystokinin CCK stimulates the pancreas to
Secrete pancreatic juices
109
Small intestine lining enzymes sucrase Maltese and lactase used to break down
Carbs
110
Absorbs nutrients from the small intestine into the blood stream for delivery to cells
Villi or microvilli
111
Gluelike particles found in the small intestine that transports digested fats to the villi
Micelles
112
Dead end lymph capillaries within each villus that's absorbs fat soluble nutrients
Lacteals
113
Cellular respiration is a form of what type of metabolism
Catabolism
114
Muscle located between the esophagus and stomach
Cardiac sphincter
115
Difficulty in swallowing
Dysphagia
116
Finger like projection of the cecum that has no known function
Appendix
117
First portion of the small intestine which is 10-12 inches long
Duodenum
118
Process of transferring food elements into circulation for transportation
Absorption
119
Semiliquid that is formed in the stomach when food mixed with gastric juices
Chyme
120
First portion if the large intestine
Cecum
121
Ball of food mixed with saliva
Bolus
122
Process Of eliminating solid intestinal wastes from colon
Defacation
123
Breakdown of food into visible energy
Digestion
124
Longest portion of the large intestine
Colon
125
Swallowing process
Deglutination
126
Vomiting
Emesis
127
Greenish brownish liquid manufactured by liver and store in gallbladder
Bile
128
Extends from the pharynx to the stomach
Esophagus
129
Large sheet of serous membrane that covers many abdominal organs
Peritoneum
130
Secretions that digest food
Enzymes
131
Portion of the small intestine that is about 11 feet long
Ileum
132
Controls the opening between the stomach and the duodenal portion of the small intestine
Pyloric sphincter
133
Dead end lymph capillaries within each villus that absorbs fat soluble nutrients
Lacteals
134
Stores and releases bile as needed
Gall bladder
135
Act of chewing
Mastication
136
Middle section of the small intestine
Jejunum 8 ft long
137
Bodies largest grandular organ in the right upper abdominal cavity
Liver
138
Waves of contractions in the GI tract that move food along
Peristalsis
139
Particles that transport digested fats to the intestinal villi
Micelle
140
Folds in stomach
Rugae
141
Touch skeletal muscle covered in mucous membranes
Tongue
142
Finger like projections of intestines
Villi
143
secretion of saliva controlled by the nervous system
Salivation
144
CHO
Carbohydrates
145
Lower esophageal sphincter
Cardiac sphincter
146
Lower narrow portion of stomach
Pyloris
147
How long does it take to process food
48 hours
148
List functions of saliva
Break down starch
Assists swallowing
Softens and lubricates food
Dissolves some food components
149
Describe function of Rugae
Allows stomach to expand
150
Main function of large intestine
Re absorption
151
Describe livers role regarding vitamins
Storage
152
Exocrine function of pancreas
Acinar cells create pancreatic juice with enzymes to deliver to small intestine
153
Describe endocrine function of pancreas
Insulin glucagon sematostatin
| Regulates blood sugar levels
154
Bile emulsifies
Fats
