A&P 22 23 24 Flashcards
0
Q
Bone marrow
Lymphoid organs
Mononuclear phagocytic system
All part of the bodies
A
Immune system
1
Q
The bodies ability to recognize and destroy specific pathogens such as: bacteria, viruses and parasites
A
Immunity
2
Q
Main site of blood formation
A
Bone marrow
3
Q
Erythrocytes
A
Red blood cells
4
Q
Leukocytes
A
White blood cells
5
Q
Thrombocytes
A
Platelets
6
Q
These cells defend the body against disease, organisms, toxin and irritants
A
White blood cells
Leukocytes
7
Q
Cardiovascular system contains
A
Heart and blood vessels
8
Q
- pumps blood to body and lungs
- receives blood from body and lungs
- influences blood pressure
A
The heart
9
Q
Provides channels through which blood and lymphs travel
A
Blood vessels
10
Q
Inferior lower part of the heart
A
Apex
11
Q
The heart membrane three layers
A
Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium
12
Q
Endocardium
A
Membrane lining interior wall of the heart
13
Q
Myocardium
A
Cardiac involuntary muscle
Middle layer
14
Q
Epicardium
A
The outermost layer of cardiac membrane wall
15
Q
A ska that surrounds and protects the heart
A
Pericardium
16
Q
Pericardium contains
A
Epicardium
Pericardial space or cavity
Parietal later
17
Q
divides the heart into right an left sides
A
Septum
18
Q
Two upper chambers of the heart receiving centers for blood
A
Atria
19
Q
Two lower chambers of heart pumps blood out the heart
A
Ventricles
20
Q
Name two atrioventricular valves
A
Tricuspid valves - right
Bicuspid valves - left
21
Q
Bodies largest artery
A
Aorta
22
Q
Tube that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
A
Pulmonic valve
23
Q
Tube that carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the aorta and ultimately to upper and lower body
A
Aortic valve
24
Deoxygenated blood received from upper body passes through where to get to the right atrium
Superior vena cava
25
Deoxygenated blood from lower body reaches where before entering atrium
Inferior vena cava
26
Deoxygenated Blood pathway to the heart
```
Superior and inferior vena cava
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right Ventricle
Pulmonic valve
Pulmonary artery
Lungs
```
27
Blood pathway after oxygenation to the body
```
Lungs O2 & CO2 transfer
Pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Bicuspid valve (mitral)
Aortic valve
Aorta
```
28
Supplies blood through branches all over the heart
Coronary arteries
29
Blockage of arteries
Myocardial insufficiency
30
Reversible cell injury due to decreased blood And oxygen
Ischemia
31
Heart attack
| A localized area of dead tissue caused by lack of blood supply
Myocardial infarction
32
Circulation that occurs when the blood vessel is plugged and another evolves to take over its function usually in the heart
Collateral circulation
33
An opening in the heart in the heart which returns blood to the right atrium
Coronary sinus
34
Brachiocephalic artery on aortic arch
Far left
Feeds upper extreme ties
Right Head and neck
35
Left common carotid on aortic arch
Middle
| Left side of head and neck
36
Left subclavian
```
Far right
Extends to
Axillary
Brachial
Radial
Ulnar
```
37
Blood flow through the capillaries
Microcirculation
38
Holds 60-70 percent of the body's blood volume at rest
Veins
39
Tissue layers of veins
Tunica intima - inner
Tunica media- middle
Tunica adventitia - outer
40
How many layers surround capillaries
One cell later thick
| Endothelium
41
Bundles of unique tissue in the heart transmit and coordinate electrical impulses to stimulate heart
SA node
42
Picks up signals from SA node and holds onto it until atria have contracted and empties blood into the vessels
AV node
43
When both atria contract it's called
Systole
44
When both ventricles contract this is called
Diastole
45
Factors affecting cardiac output
Preload
After load
Blood pressure
46
Plugging of vessel which causes ischemia and leads to necrosis ( tissue death)
Occlusion
47
Plaques that contain fats and cholesterol deposited in arteries causing occlusion is called
Artherosclerosis
48
Inflammation of vessel
Vasculitis
49
And imbalance between fluid intake an output excess tissue fluid or obstruction of flow within veins or lymphatic
Edema
50
The hematologist system contains
Blood and bone marrow
51
The lymphatic system consists of
Lymphatic vessels and tissues
52
Normal WBC count
5-10 thousand
53
Normal RBC count
4.5-5.5 million
54
Platelet count
150-450 thousand
55
Process of manufacturing blood cells mostly occurring in bone marrow
Hematopoiesis
56
Glycoprotein hormone produced in kidney and child's liver which stimulates RBC production in bone marrow
Erythropoietin
57
Name three plasma proteins
Albumin
Fibrinogen
Globulin
58
largest plasma protein 60-80%
| Maintains osmotic pressure
Albumin
59
Fibrinogen and prothrombin both aid in
Blood clotting
60
Clotting factor I
Fibrinogen
61
Clotting factor II
Prothrombin
62
Entrap a RBC and platelets to form a blood clot
Fibrin
63
Loss of albumin leads to
Edema
Hypotension
Death
64
Plasma protein formulated in liver
Globulin
65
Immunoglobulins are
Antibodies
66
Hemoglobin and iron are found in
RBC
67
Name three granular Leukocytes
Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
68
This granular leukocyte releases histamine and aids in allergic and inflammatory reactions
Basophils
69
Granular leukocyte
Survives 12hrs to 3 days
Releases chemicals to assist body in detoxifying foreign prep twins or engulfs invaders
Phagocytosis/endocytosis/pinocytosis
Eosinophils
70
Most abundant granular leukocyte
Neutrophils
71
Granular leukocyte
1st line of defense against bacteria
Only leukocyte that can move to infected area
Neutrophils
72
Name two a granular Leukocytes
Lymphocytes
| Monocytes
73
Two types of lymphocytes
T lymphocyte
| B lymphocyte
74
These a granular Leukocytes cells make antibodies that bind to pathogens so they can be destroyed
B lymphocytes
75
a granular leukocyte cell that aids in killing infected cells
T lymphocytes
76
A granular leukocyte
Transforms to macrophages or dendritic cells
Clean up after phagocytosis
Monocytes
77
Cessation of bleeding
Hemostasis
78
Clotting process
- Cut
- Platelets release thromboplaston
- This binds with glycoproteins and Ca ions to form prothrombin
- prothrombin to thrombin
- thrombin to fibrin
- fibrin nets RBC and platelets to form clot
79
Stationary clot
Thrombus
80
Clot that circulates
Embolus
81
Escape of blood from blood vessels
Hemorrhage
82
Clumping of blood cells
Agglutination
83
Blood group types are found
On membranes of RBCs
84
Eh factors are
Inherited antigen
85
A test that tests donors and recipient cells agglutination
Secondary circulatory system
86
Primary lymphatic system contains
Thymus gland
| Bone marrow
87
Secondary lymphatic system contains
Encapsulated
non encapsulated tissues
Tonsils
88
Encapsulated tissue
Spleen and lymph nodes
89
Non encapsulated tissue
Intestinal lymphoid tissue and tonsils
90
Lymph capillaries
Carries 10% of plasma including WBC into lymphatic circulatory system
91
Fluid inside lymphatic circulatory system is called
Chyle or lymph
92
Lymphagion
Can move or stop flow of lymph
93
Filters out and destroys pathogens and swells bc of micro phage increase to destroy invaders
Lymph nodes
94
Small masses of non encapsulated lymphatic tissues that stand guard in all mucous membranes
Lymph nodules
95
Major lymphatic organs
Tonsils
Spleen
Thymus
96
Lymphatic tissue designed to filter blood with a role in blood cell formation along with liver in the fetus than later function is taken by bone marrow
Spleen
97
Destroys old RBC and acts as a reservoir for blood and is released dying hemorrhage
Contains lymphocytes and monocytes
Filters an destroys pathogens
Spleen
98
In fetus this organ entraps immature stem cells and aids in creating types of lymphocytes
Thymus
99
BBB
| Blood brain barrier
Protects the brain
| Semipermeable membrane that allows only certain substances into brain
100
Blood vessels pathway
```
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venue led
Veins
```
101
Permits blood flow in one direction
Venous valves
102
Cardiac conduction pathway
```
SA node
AV node
Bundle if HIS
bundle branches
Perkiness fibers
```
103
The most abundant protein found in plasma and produced in liver
Albumin
104
Plasma is mostly made up of
Water
105
Any foreign substance or molecule entering the body that stimulates and immune response
Antigen
106
A protein substance that the body produces in respond to antigens
Antibody
107
Produces antigens
B lymphocyte
108
Antibodies can be called
Immunoglobulin
| Gamma globulins
109
Type of antibody produced in initial exposure of antigen
Immunoglobulin IGM
110
Type of antibody created to protect fetus before birth against toxins bacteria and viruses
Immunoglobulin IGC
111
Type of antibody that protects mucosal surfaces: eyes, lungs , bronchi an tears etc
Immunoglobulin A
| IGA
112
antibody that protects against allergic reactions
Immunoglobulin E
| IGE
113
Antigen receptor
Immunoglobulin D
| IGD
114
what do antibodies do
They act as a alerts
115
T lymphocytes are produced by
Thymus
116
Type of immunity in which T cells have proliferated and become capable of combining with specific foreign antigens
Cell mediated immunity
117
Immunity created by b lymphocytes and is the bodies resistance to circulating disease producing antigens and bacteria
Humoral immunity
118
Proteins that act as messengers to help regulate some of the functions of lymphocytes and macrophagesw during immune response
Cytokines
119
Immunity that helps against foreign invaders which include tears skin neutrophils and monocytes
Non specific immunity
120
Specific immunity is considered
Final line of defense
121
Immunity that is inherited
Inborn immunity
122
Acquired or adaptive immunity
Attained through natural or artificial resources
123
When a child is exposed to a develops disease and builds up antibodies
Naturally active immunity
124
Naturally passive immunity
Occurs between mother and unborn baby
125
Artificially active immunity
Through vaccine
| Immunization
126
Artificially passive immunity
Antibodies created and injected into system
127
Immunity that changes antigen rendering it harmless to body
| Lock and key
Antibody mediated immunity
128
Mechanism for antigen destruction by which activated compliments aid antibodies I'm destroying invaders
Compliment fixation
129
Affects of aging regarding t and B cells
Older adults have fewer T cells and B cells
130
Granular WBC leukocyte that show bright pink granules when stained
Eosinophils
131
The most numerous of WBC
Neutrophils
132
WBC that produces antibodies
Lymphocytes
133
A granular phagocytic WBC
Monocytes
134
The most numerous of all blood cells
Erythrocytes
135
Excessive bleeding
Hemorrhage
136
The process of stopping blood loss
Hemostasis
137
Rupture of Red Blood Cell
Hemolysis
138
The clumping of RBC when mixed with matching antibody
Agglutination
139
Transfer of blood from one person to another
Transfusion
140
An inherited disease that invoices a lack of clotting factors
Hemophilia
141
An inherited disease that causes destruction of erythrocytes
Sickle cell anemia
142
A cancer that results in abnormal production of white blood cells
Leukemia
143
A disease caused by a lack of vitamin B 12
Pernicious anemia
144
A disease that results from destruction of red bone marrow
Aplastic anemia
145
The liquid portion of blood is
Plasma
146
A protein that carries oxygen on RBC
Hemoglobin
147
The insole protein that forms a blood clot is
Fibrinogen - fibrin
148
A protein on the surface of a RBC that reacts with an antibody
Antigen
149
Any reduction in the amount of hemoglobin
Anemia
150
The test that measures volume percentage of RBC in whole blood
Hematocrit
151
Average PH of blood is
7.35-7.45
152
Clotting factor ?
Thrombin
153
Seg is
Neutrophil
154
The phagocytes among the WBC are
Monocytes and neutrophils
155
Childhood disease that destroys heart valve
Rheumatic fever
156
Damaged area of the heart caused by lack of blood supply
Infarction
157
Pain in the heart region caused by lack of blood to heart muscle
Angina
158
The closing of an artery
Occlusion
159
Pace maker of the heart
SA node
160
Contraction phase of cardiac cycle
Systole
161
Abnormal heart sound
Dysrythmia
162
Interruption of impulses through the conduction system of the heart is called
Heart block
