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LPN Level 1 > A&P 22 23 24 > Flashcards

A&P 22 23 24 Flashcards

0
Q

Bone marrow
Lymphoid organs
Mononuclear phagocytic system
All part of the bodies

A

Immune system

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1
Q

The bodies ability to recognize and destroy specific pathogens such as: bacteria, viruses and parasites

A

Immunity

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2
Q

Main site of blood formation

A

Bone marrow

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3
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells

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4
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells

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5
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Platelets

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6
Q

These cells defend the body against disease, organisms, toxin and irritants

A

White blood cells

Leukocytes

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7
Q

Cardiovascular system contains

A

Heart and blood vessels

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8
Q
  • pumps blood to body and lungs
  • receives blood from body and lungs
  • influences blood pressure
A

The heart

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9
Q

Provides channels through which blood and lymphs travel

A

Blood vessels

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10
Q

Inferior lower part of the heart

A

Apex

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11
Q

The heart membrane three layers

A

Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium

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12
Q

Endocardium

A

Membrane lining interior wall of the heart

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13
Q

Myocardium

A

Cardiac involuntary muscle

Middle layer

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14
Q

Epicardium

A

The outermost layer of cardiac membrane wall

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15
Q

A ska that surrounds and protects the heart

A

Pericardium

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16
Q

Pericardium contains

A

Epicardium
Pericardial space or cavity
Parietal later

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17
Q

divides the heart into right an left sides

A

Septum

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18
Q

Two upper chambers of the heart receiving centers for blood

A

Atria

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19
Q

Two lower chambers of heart pumps blood out the heart

A

Ventricles

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20
Q

Name two atrioventricular valves

A

Tricuspid valves - right

Bicuspid valves - left

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21
Q

Bodies largest artery

A

Aorta

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22
Q

Tube that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

A

Pulmonic valve

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23
Q

Tube that carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the aorta and ultimately to upper and lower body

A

Aortic valve

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24
Q

Deoxygenated blood received from upper body passes through where to get to the right atrium

A

Superior vena cava

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25
Q

Deoxygenated blood from lower body reaches where before entering atrium

A

Inferior vena cava

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26
Q

Deoxygenated Blood pathway to the heart

A 
Superior and inferior vena cava
Right atrium 
Tricuspid valve
Right Ventricle
Pulmonic valve
Pulmonary artery
Lungs
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27
Q

Blood pathway after oxygenation to the body

A 
Lungs O2 & CO2 transfer
Pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Bicuspid valve (mitral)
Aortic valve 
Aorta
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28
Q

Supplies blood through branches all over the heart

A

Coronary arteries

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29
Q

Blockage of arteries

A

Myocardial insufficiency

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30
Q

Reversible cell injury due to decreased blood And oxygen

A

Ischemia

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31
Q

Heart attack

A localized area of dead tissue caused by lack of blood supply

A

Myocardial infarction

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32
Q

Circulation that occurs when the blood vessel is plugged and another evolves to take over its function usually in the heart

A

Collateral circulation

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33
Q

An opening in the heart in the heart which returns blood to the right atrium

A

Coronary sinus

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34
Q

Brachiocephalic artery on aortic arch

A

Far left
Feeds upper extreme ties
Right Head and neck

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35
Q

Left common carotid on aortic arch

A

Middle

Left side of head and neck

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36
Q

Left subclavian

A 
Far right
Extends to
Axillary
Brachial
Radial
Ulnar
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37
Q

Blood flow through the capillaries

A

Microcirculation

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38
Q

Holds 60-70 percent of the body’s blood volume at rest

A

Veins

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39
Q

Tissue layers of veins

A

Tunica intima - inner
Tunica media- middle
Tunica adventitia - outer

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40
Q

How many layers surround capillaries

A

One cell later thick

Endothelium

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41
Q

Bundles of unique tissue in the heart transmit and coordinate electrical impulses to stimulate heart

A

SA node

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42
Q

Picks up signals from SA node and holds onto it until atria have contracted and empties blood into the vessels

A

AV node

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43
Q

When both atria contract it’s called

A

Systole

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44
Q

When both ventricles contract this is called

A

Diastole

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45
Q

Factors affecting cardiac output

A

Preload
After load
Blood pressure

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46
Q

Plugging of vessel which causes ischemia and leads to necrosis ( tissue death)

A

Occlusion

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47
Q

Plaques that contain fats and cholesterol deposited in arteries causing occlusion is called

A

Artherosclerosis

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48
Q

Inflammation of vessel

A

Vasculitis

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49
Q

And imbalance between fluid intake an output excess tissue fluid or obstruction of flow within veins or lymphatic

A

Edema

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50
Q

The hematologist system contains

A

Blood and bone marrow

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51
Q

The lymphatic system consists of

A

Lymphatic vessels and tissues

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52
Q

Normal WBC count

A

5-10 thousand

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53
Q

Normal RBC count

A

4.5-5.5 million

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54
Q

Platelet count

A

150-450 thousand

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55
Q

Process of manufacturing blood cells mostly occurring in bone marrow

A

Hematopoiesis

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56
Q

Glycoprotein hormone produced in kidney and child’s liver which stimulates RBC production in bone marrow

A

Erythropoietin

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57
Q

Name three plasma proteins

A

Albumin
Fibrinogen
Globulin

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58
Q

largest plasma protein 60-80%

Maintains osmotic pressure

A

Albumin

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59
Q

Fibrinogen and prothrombin both aid in

A

Blood clotting

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60
Q

Clotting factor I

A

Fibrinogen

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61
Q

Clotting factor II

A

Prothrombin

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62
Q

Entrap a RBC and platelets to form a blood clot

A

Fibrin

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63
Q

Loss of albumin leads to

A

Edema
Hypotension
Death

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64
Q

Plasma protein formulated in liver

A

Globulin

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65
Q

Immunoglobulins are

A

Antibodies

66
Q

Hemoglobin and iron are found in

A

RBC

67
Q

Name three granular Leukocytes

A

Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils

68
Q

This granular leukocyte releases histamine and aids in allergic and inflammatory reactions

A

Basophils

69
Q

Granular leukocyte
Survives 12hrs to 3 days
Releases chemicals to assist body in detoxifying foreign prep twins or engulfs invaders
Phagocytosis/endocytosis/pinocytosis

A

Eosinophils

70
Q

Most abundant granular leukocyte

A

Neutrophils

71
Q

Granular leukocyte
1st line of defense against bacteria
Only leukocyte that can move to infected area

A

Neutrophils

72
Q

Name two a granular Leukocytes

A

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

73
Q

Two types of lymphocytes

A

T lymphocyte

B lymphocyte

74
Q

These a granular Leukocytes cells make antibodies that bind to pathogens so they can be destroyed

A

B lymphocytes

75
Q

a granular leukocyte cell that aids in killing infected cells

A

T lymphocytes

76
Q

A granular leukocyte
Transforms to macrophages or dendritic cells
Clean up after phagocytosis

A

Monocytes

77
Q

Cessation of bleeding

A

Hemostasis

78
Q

Clotting process

A
  • Cut
  • Platelets release thromboplaston
  • This binds with glycoproteins and Ca ions to form prothrombin
  • prothrombin to thrombin
  • thrombin to fibrin
  • fibrin nets RBC and platelets to form clot
79
Q

Stationary clot

A

Thrombus

80
Q

Clot that circulates

A

Embolus

81
Q

Escape of blood from blood vessels

A

Hemorrhage

82
Q

Clumping of blood cells

A

Agglutination

83
Q

Blood group types are found

A

On membranes of RBCs

84
Q

Eh factors are

A

Inherited antigen

85
Q

A test that tests donors and recipient cells agglutination

A

Secondary circulatory system

86
Q

Primary lymphatic system contains

A

Thymus gland

Bone marrow

87
Q

Secondary lymphatic system contains

A

Encapsulated
non encapsulated tissues
Tonsils

88
Q

Encapsulated tissue

A

Spleen and lymph nodes

89
Q

Non encapsulated tissue

A

Intestinal lymphoid tissue and tonsils

90
Q

Lymph capillaries

A

Carries 10% of plasma including WBC into lymphatic circulatory system

91
Q

Fluid inside lymphatic circulatory system is called

A

Chyle or lymph

92
Q

Lymphagion

A

Can move or stop flow of lymph

93
Q

Filters out and destroys pathogens and swells bc of micro phage increase to destroy invaders

A

Lymph nodes

94
Q

Small masses of non encapsulated lymphatic tissues that stand guard in all mucous membranes

A

Lymph nodules

95
Q

Major lymphatic organs

A

Tonsils
Spleen
Thymus

96
Q

Lymphatic tissue designed to filter blood with a role in blood cell formation along with liver in the fetus than later function is taken by bone marrow

A

Spleen

97
Q

Destroys old RBC and acts as a reservoir for blood and is released dying hemorrhage
Contains lymphocytes and monocytes
Filters an destroys pathogens

A

Spleen

98
Q

In fetus this organ entraps immature stem cells and aids in creating types of lymphocytes

A

Thymus

99
Q

BBB

Blood brain barrier

A

Protects the brain

Semipermeable membrane that allows only certain substances into brain

100
Q

Blood vessels pathway

A 
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venue led
Veins
101
Q

Permits blood flow in one direction

A

Venous valves

102
Q

Cardiac conduction pathway

A 
SA node
AV node
Bundle if HIS
bundle branches
Perkiness fibers
103
Q

The most abundant protein found in plasma and produced in liver

A

Albumin

104
Q

Plasma is mostly made up of

A

Water

105
Q

Any foreign substance or molecule entering the body that stimulates and immune response

A

Antigen

106
Q

A protein substance that the body produces in respond to antigens

A

Antibody

107
Q

Produces antigens

A

B lymphocyte

108
Q

Antibodies can be called

A

Immunoglobulin

Gamma globulins

109
Q

Type of antibody produced in initial exposure of antigen

A

Immunoglobulin IGM

110
Q

Type of antibody created to protect fetus before birth against toxins bacteria and viruses

A

Immunoglobulin IGC

111
Q

Type of antibody that protects mucosal surfaces: eyes, lungs , bronchi an tears etc

A

Immunoglobulin A

IGA

112
Q

antibody that protects against allergic reactions

A

Immunoglobulin E

IGE

113
Q

Antigen receptor

A

Immunoglobulin D

IGD

114
Q

what do antibodies do

A

They act as a alerts

115
Q

T lymphocytes are produced by

A

Thymus

116
Q

Type of immunity in which T cells have proliferated and become capable of combining with specific foreign antigens

A

Cell mediated immunity

117
Q

Immunity created by b lymphocytes and is the bodies resistance to circulating disease producing antigens and bacteria

A

Humoral immunity

118
Q

Proteins that act as messengers to help regulate some of the functions of lymphocytes and macrophagesw during immune response

A

Cytokines

119
Q

Immunity that helps against foreign invaders which include tears skin neutrophils and monocytes

A

Non specific immunity

120
Q

Specific immunity is considered

A

Final line of defense

121
Q

Immunity that is inherited

A

Inborn immunity

122
Q

Acquired or adaptive immunity

A

Attained through natural or artificial resources

123
Q

When a child is exposed to a develops disease and builds up antibodies

A

Naturally active immunity

124
Q

Naturally passive immunity

A

Occurs between mother and unborn baby

125
Q

Artificially active immunity

A

Through vaccine

Immunization

126
Q

Artificially passive immunity

A

Antibodies created and injected into system

127
Q

Immunity that changes antigen rendering it harmless to body

Lock and key

A

Antibody mediated immunity

128
Q

Mechanism for antigen destruction by which activated compliments aid antibodies I’m destroying invaders

A

Compliment fixation

129
Q

Affects of aging regarding t and B cells

A

Older adults have fewer T cells and B cells

130
Q

Granular WBC leukocyte that show bright pink granules when stained

A

Eosinophils

131
Q

The most numerous of WBC

A

Neutrophils

132
Q

WBC that produces antibodies

A

Lymphocytes

133
Q

A granular phagocytic WBC

A

Monocytes

134
Q

The most numerous of all blood cells

A

Erythrocytes

135
Q

Excessive bleeding

A

Hemorrhage

136
Q

The process of stopping blood loss

A

Hemostasis

137
Q

Rupture of Red Blood Cell

A

Hemolysis

138
Q

The clumping of RBC when mixed with matching antibody

A

Agglutination

139
Q

Transfer of blood from one person to another

A

Transfusion

140
Q

An inherited disease that invoices a lack of clotting factors

A

Hemophilia

141
Q

An inherited disease that causes destruction of erythrocytes

A

Sickle cell anemia

142
Q

A cancer that results in abnormal production of white blood cells

A

Leukemia

143
Q

A disease caused by a lack of vitamin B 12

A

Pernicious anemia

144
Q

A disease that results from destruction of red bone marrow

A

Aplastic anemia

145
Q

The liquid portion of blood is

A

Plasma

146
Q

A protein that carries oxygen on RBC

A

Hemoglobin

147
Q

The insole protein that forms a blood clot is

A

Fibrinogen - fibrin

148
Q

A protein on the surface of a RBC that reacts with an antibody

A

Antigen

149
Q

Any reduction in the amount of hemoglobin

A

Anemia

150
Q

The test that measures volume percentage of RBC in whole blood

A

Hematocrit

151
Q

Average PH of blood is

A

7.35-7.45

152
Q

Clotting factor ?

A

Thrombin

153
Q

Seg is

A

Neutrophil

154
Q

The phagocytes among the WBC are

A

Monocytes and neutrophils

155
Q

Childhood disease that destroys heart valve

A

Rheumatic fever

156
Q

Damaged area of the heart caused by lack of blood supply

A

Infarction

157
Q

Pain in the heart region caused by lack of blood to heart muscle

A

Angina

158
Q

The closing of an artery

A

Occlusion

159
Q

Pace maker of the heart

A

SA node

160
Q

Contraction phase of cardiac cycle

A

Systole

161
Q

Abnormal heart sound

A

Dysrythmia

162
Q

Interruption of impulses through the conduction system of the heart is called

A

Heart block

LPN Level 1 (19 decks)

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