9. The Endocrine System

Question 1

what is the endocrine system

Answer 1

tissues, glands and cells that secrete hormones into body fluids

Question 2

what is the function of endocrine system

Answer 2

alter metabolism and regulate growth and development

Question 3

what is the hypothalamus

Answer 3

region of brain controlling pituitary system

Question 4

what does the parathyroid gland do

Answer 4

regulate level of calcium in the blood

Question 5

what does the thyroid gland do

Answer 5

affects metabolism

Question 6

what does the adrenal gland do

Answer 6

triggers fight or flight response

Question 7

what does the pancreas do

Answer 7

regulate level of glucose in blood

Question 8

what does the testicle do

Answer 8

secrete male sex hormone

Question 9

what does the ovary do

Answer 9

secrete female sex hormones

Question 10

what are the 3 types of horomes

Answer 10

steroid
peptide
tyrosine

Question 11

what are steroid hormones derived from

Answer 11

cholesterol

Question 12

how can steroid hormones move into the blood stream

Answer 12

requires protein transport molecule to dissolve in the blood stream as its a lipid

Question 13

are steroid hormones lipid soluble and what does this mean for its travel

Answer 13

yes

it can diffuse through cell membrane of target cell

Question 14

what happens after the steroid hormone enters the cell

Answer 14

steroidal hormones combine with steroid receptor in cytoplasm

Question 15

what does the receptor do when it has combined with the steroidal hormone

Answer 15

transports the steroid hormone into nucleus where it interacts to increase protein synthesis

Question 16

what are 2 examples of glucocorticoids and mineral corticoids

Answer 16

cortisol and aldosterone

Question 17

what are 3 examples of gonadal hormones

Answer 17

estrogen, progesterone and testosterone

Question 18

what are the 2 main classes of steroid hormones

Answer 18

glucocorticoids and mineral corticoids

gonadal hormones

Question 19

what are peptide hormones derived from

Answer 19

peptides

protein hormones

Question 20

are peptide hormones water soluble and how does this affect its movement in blood and cells

Answer 20

yes

can move freely through blood

have trouble diffusing through membrane of target cell

Question 21

how do peptide hormones move through membranes of cells

Answer 21

attach to membrane bound receptors which carry the hormone through the cell

Question 22

what effect do peptide hormones have - 2 things

Answer 22

directly act to alter membrane permeability to ions

activate secondary messengers (cAMP) to activate/deactivate enzyme and/or ion channels

Question 23

what are the 4 main groups of peptide hormones

Answer 23

anterior pituitary hormones

pituitary hormones

pancreatic hormones

parathyroid hormones

Question 24

what are examples of anterior pituitary hormones

Answer 24

FSH
LH
ACTH
hGH
prolactin
TSH

Question 25

what are 2 examples of pituitary hormones

Answer 25

oxytocin ADH

Question 26

what is the posterior pituitary gland controlled by signals from

Answer 26

signals from the hypothalamus

Question 27

what are 2 examples of pancreatic hormones

Answer 27

insulin glucagon

Question 28

what is a example of a parathyroid hormone

Answer 28

PTH

Question 29

tyrosine derivative hormones are formed by what where

Answer 29

by enzymes in the rough ER or cytosol

Question 30

what effect do tyrosine hormones have

Answer 30

increase metabolism and growith/development

Question 31

what is the first type of tyrosine derivative

Answer 31

thyroid hormones - T3 and T4

Question 32

are thyroid hormones lipid soluble and how does this effect its movement in the blood

Answer 32

yes protein carriers must carry thyroid hormones in the blood

Question 33

what is the function of thyroid hormones

Answer 33

increase transcription of genes of most cells in the body

Question 34

what are the 2nd type of tyrosine hormones

Answer 34

catecholamines

Question 35

what are the 2 types of tyrosine hormones

Answer 35

thyroid hormones catecholamines

Question 36

what are 2 examples of catecholamines

Answer 36

epinephrine/adrenaline norepinephrine/noradrenaline

Question 37

what is the solubility of catecholamines and how do they move in blood

Answer 37

water soluble so can dissolve in blood

Question 38

how to catecholamines take effect

Answer 38

bind directly to receptors in the target tissue and produce effects by acting through secondary messenger cAMP

Question 39

what does follicle stimulating hormone do

Answer 39

regulate function of testes and ovaries

Question 40

what does luteinizing hormone do

Answer 40

trigger ovulation and development of corpus luteum in females

Question 41

what does adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) do

Answer 41

stimulate growth in most cells of the body increase protein synthesis and mobilization of fat

Question 42

what does prolactin do

Answer 42

promotes milk production of breasts

Question 43

what does thyroid stimulating hormone do

Answer 43

stimulates release of T3 and T4 increases size of thyroid gland

Question 44

what does oxytocin do

Answer 44

increase uterine contractions during pregnancy

Question 45

what does ADH do

Answer 45

causes collecting ducts of nephron - kidney - to become more permeable to water this reduces amount of urine produced and increases conc of urine causes increase in blood pressure

Question 46

what 2 things does the adrenal cortex secrete

Answer 46

mineral corticoids and glucocorticoids

Question 47

what is aldosterone

Answer 47

mineral corticoid

Question 48

where does aldosterone act

Answer 48

acts in distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct of nephron

Question 49

what does aldosterone do

Answer 49

increase reabsorption of sodium and chlorine ions which creates increase in blood pressure

Question 50

what is cortisol

Answer 50

glucocorticoid

Question 51

what does cortisol do

Answer 51

stimulates gluconeogenesis - breakdown of glycogen - in liver creates increase in blood glucose levels

Question 52

what does the adrenal medulla secrete

Answer 52

catecholamines

Question 53

what does epinephrine and norepinephrine do

Answer 53

vasoconstriction of internal organs and skin vasodilators of skeletal muscle

Question 54

what does thyroid hormones do

Answer 54

increase basal metabolic rate

Question 55

what does calcitonin do

Answer 55

decrease blood calcium by decreasing osteoclast # and activity

Question 56

what does insulin do how does it do it

Answer 56

lower blood glucose levels stores carbohydrates as glycogen in liver and muscles, stores fats in adipose tissue and increase uptake of amino acids in cells to make proteins

Question 57

what doe glucagon do how does it do it

Answer 57

raise blood sugar levels stimulates gluconeogenesis in liver and increases fatty acid levels in blood by breaking down adipose tissue

Question 58

what do parathyroid hormones do

Answer 58

increases renal calcium and increases blood calcium levels