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? Biology > 9. The Endocrine System > Flashcards

9. The Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the endocrine system

A

tissues, glands and cells that secrete hormones into body fluids

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2
Q

what is the function of endocrine system

A

alter metabolism and regulate growth and development

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3
Q

what is the hypothalamus

A

region of brain controlling pituitary system

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4
Q

what does the parathyroid gland do

A

regulate level of calcium in the blood

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5
Q

what does the thyroid gland do

A

affects metabolism

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6
Q

what does the adrenal gland do

A

triggers fight or flight response

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7
Q

what does the pancreas do

A

regulate level of glucose in blood

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8
Q

what does the testicle do

A

secrete male sex hormone

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9
Q

what does the ovary do

A

secrete female sex hormones

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10
Q

what are the 3 types of horomes

A

steroid
peptide
tyrosine

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11
Q

what are steroid hormones derived from

A

cholesterol

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12
Q

how can steroid hormones move into the blood stream

A

requires protein transport molecule to dissolve in the blood stream as its a lipid

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13
Q

are steroid hormones lipid soluble and what does this mean for its travel

A

yes

it can diffuse through cell membrane of target cell

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14
Q

what happens after the steroid hormone enters the cell

A

steroidal hormones combine with steroid receptor in cytoplasm

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15
Q

what does the receptor do when it has combined with the steroidal hormone

A

transports the steroid hormone into nucleus where it interacts to increase protein synthesis

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16
Q

what are 2 examples of glucocorticoids and mineral corticoids

A

cortisol and aldosterone

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17
Q

what are 3 examples of gonadal hormones

A

estrogen, progesterone and testosterone

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18
Q

what are the 2 main classes of steroid hormones

A

glucocorticoids and mineral corticoids

gonadal hormones

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19
Q

what are peptide hormones derived from

A

peptides

protein hormones

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20
Q

are peptide hormones water soluble and how does this affect its movement in blood and cells

A

yes

can move freely through blood

have trouble diffusing through membrane of target cell

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21
Q

how do peptide hormones move through membranes of cells

A

attach to membrane bound receptors which carry the hormone through the cell

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22
Q

what effect do peptide hormones have - 2 things

A

directly act to alter membrane permeability to ions

activate secondary messengers (cAMP) to activate/deactivate enzyme and/or ion channels

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23
Q

what are the 4 main groups of peptide hormones

A

anterior pituitary hormones

pituitary hormones

pancreatic hormones

parathyroid hormones

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24
Q

what are examples of anterior pituitary hormones

A

FSH
LH
ACTH
hGH
prolactin
TSH

25
Q

what are 2 examples of pituitary hormones

A

oxytocin
ADH

26
Q

what is the posterior pituitary gland controlled by signals from

A

signals from the hypothalamus

27
Q

what are 2 examples of pancreatic hormones

A

insulin
glucagon

28
Q

what is a example of a parathyroid hormone

A

PTH

29
Q

tyrosine derivative hormones are formed by what where

A

by enzymes in the rough ER or cytosol

30
Q

what effect do tyrosine hormones have

A

increase metabolism and growith/development

31
Q

what is the first type of tyrosine derivative

A

thyroid hormones - T3 and T4

32
Q

are thyroid hormones lipid soluble and how does this effect its movement in the blood

A

yes

protein carriers must carry thyroid hormones in the blood

33
Q

what is the function of thyroid hormones

A

increase transcription of genes of most cells in the body

34
Q

what are the 2nd type of tyrosine hormones

A

catecholamines

35
Q

what are the 2 types of tyrosine hormones

A

thyroid hormones

catecholamines

36
Q

what are 2 examples of catecholamines

A

epinephrine/adrenaline

norepinephrine/noradrenaline

37
Q

what is the solubility of catecholamines and how do they move in blood

A

water soluble so can dissolve in blood

38
Q

how to catecholamines take effect

A

bind directly to receptors in the target tissue and produce effects by acting through secondary messenger cAMP

39
Q

what does follicle stimulating hormone do

A

regulate function of testes and ovaries

40
Q

what does luteinizing hormone do

A

trigger ovulation and development of corpus luteum in females

41
Q

what does adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) do

A

stimulate growth in most cells of the body

increase protein synthesis and mobilization of fat

42
Q

what does prolactin do

A

promotes milk production of breasts

43
Q

what does thyroid stimulating hormone do

A

stimulates release of T3 and T4

increases size of thyroid gland

44
Q

what does oxytocin do

A

increase uterine contractions during pregnancy

45
Q

what does ADH do

A

causes collecting ducts of nephron - kidney - to become more permeable to water

this reduces amount of urine produced and increases conc of urine

causes increase in blood pressure

46
Q

what 2 things does the adrenal cortex secrete

A

mineral corticoids and glucocorticoids

47
Q

what is aldosterone

A

mineral corticoid

48
Q

where does aldosterone act

A

acts in distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct of nephron

49
Q

what does aldosterone do

A

increase reabsorption of sodium and chlorine ions which creates increase in blood pressure

50
Q

what is cortisol

A

glucocorticoid

51
Q

what does cortisol do

A

stimulates gluconeogenesis - breakdown of glycogen - in liver

creates increase in blood glucose levels

52
Q

what does the adrenal medulla secrete

A

catecholamines

53
Q

what does epinephrine and norepinephrine do

A

vasoconstriction of internal organs and skin

vasodilators of skeletal muscle

54
Q

what does thyroid hormones do

A

increase basal metabolic rate

55
Q

what does calcitonin do

A

decrease blood calcium by decreasing osteoclast # and activity

56
Q

what does insulin do

how does it do it

A

lower blood glucose levels

stores carbohydrates as glycogen in liver and muscles, stores fats in adipose tissue and increase uptake of amino acids in cells to make proteins

57
Q

what doe glucagon do

how does it do it

A

raise blood sugar levels

stimulates gluconeogenesis in liver and increases fatty acid levels in blood by breaking down adipose tissue

58
Q

what do parathyroid hormones do

A

increases renal calcium and increases blood calcium levels

? Biology (21 decks)

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