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? Biology > 8. The Nervous System > Flashcards

8. The Nervous System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the nervous system responsible for

A

communication between specific parts of the body

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2
Q

what does the nervous system contain

A

brain
spinal cord
nerves
sensory organs

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3
Q

what is the functional unit of the nervous system

A

neuron

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4
Q

what is the neuron capable of doing

A

transmitting an electrical signal from one cell to another

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5
Q

what are the 3 components to a neuron

A

cell body
axon
dendrites

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6
Q

what do dendrites do

A

receive signal to be transmitted

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7
Q

what is the path of the signal through the neuron once its received by the neuron and what happens there

A

signal passes through the cell body and action potential produced if it is great enough

action potential moves from cell body down axon

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8
Q

where does an axon carry a action potential to

A

synapse

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9
Q

what does the synapse do

A

pass action potential from one cell to next cell

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10
Q

when action potential is generated down a myelinated axon what happens to the motion of the action potential

A

it jumps from one node of ranvier to the next

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11
Q

what is the resting potential of the ceel outside and inside

A

outside = positive
inside = negativ (-70mV)

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12
Q

why is there a difference in the resting potential of the cell inside and outside

2 reasons

A
  1. membrane contains Na-K+ ATPase that pumps Na+ to outside of the cell and K+ to inside of cell

more Na+ is pumped outside than K+ inwards

  1. K+ leaks out of the cell
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13
Q

overall what is the charge on the outside and inside of the membrane

what does this create

A

positive charge gained on outside and loss of positive charge from inside

creates membrane potential

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14
Q

what is the membrane potential the basis of

A

all conduction of impulses by both muscle and nerve fibres

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15
Q

what is an action potential

A

disturbance in electric field across the membrane of a neuron

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16
Q

what can a stimulus do to the membrane

A

can make the membrane suddenly permeable over and above a threshold potential

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17
Q

what will an increased membrane permeability produced by the stimulus cause for the ions and membrane potential

A

influx Na+ ions

reversal of membrane potential as inside of cell becomes + and outside becomes -

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18
Q

what is depolarisation

A

stimulus increases membrane permeability and causes influx Na+ ions

reversal of membrane potential as inside of cell becomes + and outside becomes -

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19
Q

what happens after depolarization

what is this process called

A

nerve functions to reach its previous resting potential

Na+ channels close and voltage gated K+ channels open

repolarisation

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20
Q

what does it mean that the action potential is all or nothing

A

membrane either completely depolarizes or no action potential is produced

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21
Q

what does the all or nothing principle mean for an action potential to be generated

A

stimulus must be greater than the threshold stimulus

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22
Q

what happens at a synapse

A

neural impulses transmitted from one cell to another via synapse

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23
Q

impulses are transmitted in which 2 ways

A

electrically

chemically

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24
Q

what are the 3 major steps that occur at the synapse

A
  1. synaptic vesicles in terminal buttons of a sending neuron release neurotransmitters into synaptic space
  2. neurotransmitters cross synaptic space to receiving neurons
  3. after crossing the synaptic space the neurotransmitters fit into receptor sites located on dendrites or cell body of the receiving neurons
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25
Q

what are the 3 types of neurons

A

interneurons

sensory neurons/afferent

motor neurons/efferent

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26
Q

what do interneurons do

A

transfer signals from neuron to neuron

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27
Q

what do sensory neurons do

A

receive signals from a receptor cell that interacts wit the environment

sensory neuron transfers singal to other neurons

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28
Q

what do motor neurons do

A

carry signals to a muscle or gland - effector

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29
Q

what are the 2 main divisions of the nervous system

A

central and peripheral

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30
Q

what is the CNS composed of

A

brain
spinal cord

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31
Q

what is the PNS composed of

A

all other nerves and ganglion in the body

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32
Q

what is the PNS divided into

A

somatic and autonomic

33
Q

what does the somatic nervous system do

A

carries out sensory and motor functions

34
Q

is somatic nervous system responsible for voluntary or involuntary

A

voluntary as it can be conciously controlled

35
Q

what do motor neurons innervate

A

only skeletal muscle

36
Q

is autonomic nervous system responsible for voluntary or involuntary

A

involuntary

37
Q

what are the portions of the autonomic nervous system

A

sensory and motor portions

38
Q

what does the sensory portion of the autonomic nervous system do

A

receives signals from organs in the body

39
Q

what does the motor portion of the autonomic nervous system do

A

conducts signals that the sensory portion receives from the body organs to smooth muscle, glands and cardiac muscle

40
Q

what is the motor portion of the autonomic nervous system further divided into

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

41
Q

what is the sympathetic nervous system

what does it do to blood flow

A

fight or flight

increases blood flow to muscles - increases heart rate

reduce blood flow to stomach - constricts blood vessels

42
Q

what is the parasympathetic nervous system responsible for and what does it do to blood flow

A

rest and digestion

decreases blood flow to muscle - decrease heart rate

increases blood flow to stomach for digestion - dilates blood vessels

43
Q

what does the parasympathetic nervous system use as a neurotransmitter

A

acetylcholine

44
Q

what does the sympathetic nervous system use as a neurotransmitter

A

noradrenaline or adrenaline

45
Q

what are receptors for acetylcholine called

A

cholinergic receptors

46
Q

what are receptors for noradrenaline and adrenaline called

A

adrenergic receptors

47
Q

what is the lower brain composed of

A

medulla
hypothalamus
cerebellum

48
Q

what is the lower brain responsible for

A

involuntary activities such as respiration, emotions and pain/pleasure

49
Q

what is the higher brain composed of

A

cerebrum and cerebral cortex

50
Q

what is the higher brain responsible for

A

processing thoughts and storing memories

51
Q

what is the cornea

A

outer covering of the eye

52
Q

what does the cornea do

A

increases ability of eye to properly focus on light

53
Q

what is the sclera

A

white layer on outside of eye

54
Q

what does the sclera do

A

provide structure and protection for the inner components of the eye

55
Q

what does the pupil do

A

takes in light and allows eye to focus on objects in front of it

56
Q

what does the iris do

A

dilator pupillae muscles are used to dilate/contract the pupil

this allows the eye to take in more/less of the light depending on the surrounding light levels

57
Q

what is the lens used for

A

focuses light that comes through the pupil

58
Q

where is the lens located and what is it held in place by

A

located behind the pupil

held in place by the ciliary muscles which change shape of the lens so light can effectively be focused onto the retina

59
Q

what does the retina do

A

light focused by the lens will be transmitted onto the retina

60
Q

what is the retina composed of

A

layers of rods and cones

61
Q

what can rods and cones do

A

cones can distinguish between colors but rods cannot

62
Q

what is connected to the retina

A

optic nerve

63
Q

what is the choroid in terms of location

A

lies between retina and sclera

64
Q

what does the choroid do

A

provide blood supply to the eye

65
Q

what is the vitreous humor in terms of location

A

gel in back of eye

66
Q

what does the vitreous humor do

A

helps maintain shape of eye

67
Q

what is the aqueous humor and what does it do

A

watery substance that fills the front of the eye

maintains the shape of the eye

68
Q

what are the 3 parts of the ear

A

outer, middle and inner ear

69
Q

what is the pinna/auricle

A

skin and cartilaginous flap on the outer part of the ear

70
Q

what does the auricle do

A

collects sound waves and channels them into the external auditory canal

71
Q

where does the middle ear begin

A

at the tympanic membrane

72
Q

what are the 3 bones that make up the middle ear

A

malleus
incus
stapes

73
Q

what do the 3 bones of the middle ear do

A

translate sound waves to the oval window

74
Q

after passing through the middle ear where do the sound waves go

A

enters the inner ear and moves into the cochlea

75
Q

what happens as the wave moves through the cochlea

A

alternating rise and fall in pressure move the vestibular membrane in and out

76
Q

what detects the movement of the vestibular membrane

A

hair cells of the organ of corti

77
Q

what happens once the sound wave movement is detected by the hair cells of the organs of Corti

A

transformed into neural signals which are sent to the brain

78
Q

what does the inner ear contain

A

fluid filled semicircular canals that are responsible for balance

79
Q

what do olfactory and gustatory sense involve regarding sensing different chemicals

A

chemoreceptors

? Biology (21 decks)

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