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? Biology > 1. Macromolecules > Flashcards

1. Macromolecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the 4 classes of biological molecules

A

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

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2
Q

what does the term carbohydrates refer to
(2 things)

A

saccharides (sugars) & their polymers

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3
Q

what 3 elements are carbohydrates made from

A

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen

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4
Q

what are the 4 types of saccharides

A

mono-
di-
oligo-
poly-

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5
Q

what are monosaccharides

A

single sugars

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6
Q

what is an example of monosaccharides

A

glucose

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7
Q

what do cells do to glucose and what is this process called

A

cells extract energy stored in glucose molecule via cellular respiration

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8
Q

what are disaccharides and what do they consist of

A

double sugars consisting of 2 monosaccharides

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9
Q

what is an example of disaccharides

A

maltose

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10
Q

what are oligosaccharides and what do they contain

A

carbohydrates containing small number of monosaccharides (3-10 monosaccharides)

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11
Q

what are the two main functions of polysaccharides

A

storage or structural

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12
Q

what is the storage polysaccharide of plants and where is it stored

A

starch stored as granules in chloroplasts

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13
Q

what does starch represent and what process is used by which it is used for energy

A

represents stored energy

withdrawn energy via hydrolysis to provide plant with energy

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14
Q

what is the animal equivalent of starch/storage polysaccharide for humans

A

glycogen

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15
Q

what is glycogen made of and which 2 locations in the body is it stored

A

glucose is stored as glycogen in liver and muscle cells

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16
Q

what is starch the polymer of

A

alpha glucose

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17
Q

what is an example of structural polysaccharide for plants

A

cellulose

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18
Q

what is cellulose a polymer of and where is it found

A

beta glucose in plant cell walls

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19
Q

what is the structural molecule found in fungi and arthropods

A

chitin

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20
Q

what does nucleic acid carry and what function is it responsible for

A

carrying info inside cells

responsible for production of proteins

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21
Q

what is the structure of a nucleic acid

A

long polymers of repeating subunits called nucleotides

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22
Q

what 3 things does a nucleotide consist of

A

pentose sugar
phosphate group
organic nitrogenous base

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23
Q

what are the 2 types of nitrogenous bases that can occur in nucleotides

A

purines
pyrimidines

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24
Q

what is the structure of purines and what are they found in

A

double bonded rings

found in DNA and RNA

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25
Q

what are 2 purines

A

adenine
guanine

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26
Q

what is the structure of pyrimidines and what are they found in

A

single ring structure

found in DNA and RNA

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27
Q

what are the 2 pyrimidine bases and where are they found

A

thymine - DNA
uracil - RNA

28
Q

what are nucleotides linked to each other by in a nucleic acid

A

phosphodiester bond

29
Q

what two components of the nucleotide does phosphodiester bond form between

A

phosphate of one nucleotide and sugar of next nucleotide

30
Q

what region is DNA found in cells

A

nuclear region

31
Q

what does DNA contain

A

genetic info needed to create an organism

32
Q

what structure is the DNA arranged as

A

double helix

33
Q

what direction do the base pairs on each polynucleotide chain run in

A

opposite directions or antiparallel to eachother

34
Q

what are the 2 polynucleotide chains joined by and where are these connections formed on the polynucleotides

A

hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases

35
Q

what are complementary bases

A

bases that participate in base pairing

36
Q

what does adenine pair with in DNA and in RNA

A

thymine - DNA
uracil - RNA

37
Q

what does cytosine pair with

A

guanine

38
Q

what 3 ways does RNA differ from DNA

A
  1. RNA is single stranded, DNA is double stranded
  2. In RNA C2 of pentose ring is oxygenated, DNA doesnt have oxygen on C2
  3. RNA contains Uracil and DNA contains thymine
39
Q

what are the 3 types of RNA

A

mRNA
rRNA
tRNA

40
Q

what does the mRNA do

A

deliver DNA code for amino acids to the cytosol
prepares for protein manufacture

41
Q

what does rRNA do and what are ribosomes responsible for

A

form ribosomes by combining with proteins

ribosomes responsible for directing synthesis of proteins

42
Q

what are tRNA responsible for

A

collect amino acids in cytosol and transfer them to ribosomes

43
Q

what happens to tRNA at the ribosomes

A

incorporated into proteins

44
Q

what is RNA manufactured base off

A

manufactured from DNA template

45
Q

DNA can be transcribed into what

A

into RNA

46
Q

what does RNA use DNA’s hereditary information for

A

to create new proteins via sequencing of specific amino acids

47
Q

what are some of the functions that proteins have

A

enzyme catalysis
transport
defense
structural support
movement
regulation of genes
storage of ions

48
Q

what are proteins structurally

A

polymers of amino acids

49
Q

amino acids join together to form ___ which then forms proteins

A

form long polypeptide chains which eventually form proteins

50
Q

what do proteins do when forming from long polypeptide chains

A

fold

51
Q

what are chaperone proteins in terms of what they do/their function

A

assist in folding of proteins/help other proteins fold correctly

52
Q

what is denaturation

A

when proteins change shape or completely unfold

53
Q

why does denaturation of proteins happen? what causes it?

A

due to alteration of proteins environment

eg changes in pH/ion concentration/temperature

54
Q

are denatured proteins active and what does this mean functionally

A

inactive so cannot catalyse reactions

55
Q

what is the central dogma of gene expression

A

that DNA is transcribed into RNA which is then translated into amino acids

56
Q

what is a protein made up of

A

many amino acids

57
Q

are some lipids soluble in water

A

no all lipids are insoluble in water

58
Q

what are saturated lipids and how do they occur

A

when all internal carbon atoms in fatty acid chain are bonded to at least 2 H atoms

59
Q

what are unsaturated lipids and how do they occur

A

occur when fatty acid has double/triple bonds between their internal carbon atoms

60
Q

what is polyunsaturated fatty acids

A

if fatty acids has more than one double bond

61
Q

the fats produced by animals are mostly saturated/unsaturated

A

saturated

62
Q

the fats produced by plants are mostly saturated/unsaturated

A

unsaturated

63
Q

what are phospholipids

A

complex lipid molecules

64
Q

what do phospholipids form

A

core of all cell membranes in organisms

65
Q

what can a phospholipid be thought of as structurally

A

triglyceride with a phosphate group replacing one of the fatty acids

66
Q

what is the structure of glycerol chemically

A

three carbon alcohol

each carbon atoms contains a hydroxyl group (-OH)

67
Q

what does glycerol form

A

backbone of phospholipid molecules

? Biology (21 decks)

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