1. Macromolecules

Question 1

what are the 4 classes of biological molecules

Answer 1

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

Question 2

what does the term carbohydrates refer to
(2 things)

Answer 2

saccharides (sugars) & their polymers

Question 3

what 3 elements are carbohydrates made from

Answer 3

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen

Question 4

what are the 4 types of saccharides

Answer 4

mono-
di-
oligo-
poly-

Question 5

what are monosaccharides

Answer 5

single sugars

Question 6

what is an example of monosaccharides

Answer 6

glucose

Question 7

what do cells do to glucose and what is this process called

Answer 7

cells extract energy stored in glucose molecule via cellular respiration

Question 8

what are disaccharides and what do they consist of

Answer 8

double sugars consisting of 2 monosaccharides

Question 9

what is an example of disaccharides

Answer 9

maltose

Question 10

what are oligosaccharides and what do they contain

Answer 10

carbohydrates containing small number of monosaccharides (3-10 monosaccharides)

Question 11

what are the two main functions of polysaccharides

Answer 11

storage or structural

Question 12

what is the storage polysaccharide of plants and where is it stored

Answer 12

starch stored as granules in chloroplasts

Question 13

what does starch represent and what process is used by which it is used for energy

Answer 13

represents stored energy

withdrawn energy via hydrolysis to provide plant with energy

Question 14

what is the animal equivalent of starch/storage polysaccharide for humans

Answer 14

glycogen

Question 15

what is glycogen made of and which 2 locations in the body is it stored

Answer 15

glucose is stored as glycogen in liver and muscle cells

Question 16

what is starch the polymer of

Answer 16

alpha glucose

Question 17

what is an example of structural polysaccharide for plants

Answer 17

cellulose

Question 18

what is cellulose a polymer of and where is it found

Answer 18

beta glucose in plant cell walls

Question 19

what is the structural molecule found in fungi and arthropods

Answer 19

chitin

Question 20

what does nucleic acid carry and what function is it responsible for

Answer 20

carrying info inside cells

responsible for production of proteins

Question 21

what is the structure of a nucleic acid

Answer 21

long polymers of repeating subunits called nucleotides

Question 22

what 3 things does a nucleotide consist of

Answer 22

pentose sugar
phosphate group
organic nitrogenous base

Question 23

what are the 2 types of nitrogenous bases that can occur in nucleotides

Answer 23

purines
pyrimidines

Question 24

what is the structure of purines and what are they found in

Answer 24

double bonded rings

found in DNA and RNA

Question 25

what are 2 purines

Answer 25

adenine guanine

Question 26

what is the structure of pyrimidines and what are they found in

Answer 26

single ring structure found in DNA and RNA

Question 27

what are the 2 pyrimidine bases and where are they found

Answer 27

thymine - DNA uracil - RNA

Question 28

what are nucleotides linked to each other by in a nucleic acid

Answer 28

phosphodiester bond

Question 29

what two components of the nucleotide does phosphodiester bond form between

Answer 29

phosphate of one nucleotide and sugar of next nucleotide

Question 30

what region is DNA found in cells

Answer 30

nuclear region

Question 31

what does DNA contain

Answer 31

genetic info needed to create an organism

Question 32

what structure is the DNA arranged as

Answer 32

double helix

Question 33

what direction do the base pairs on each polynucleotide chain run in

Answer 33

opposite directions or antiparallel to eachother

Question 34

what are the 2 polynucleotide chains joined by and where are these connections formed on the polynucleotides

Answer 34

hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases

Question 35

what are complementary bases

Answer 35

bases that participate in base pairing

Question 36

what does adenine pair with in DNA and in RNA

Answer 36

thymine - DNA uracil - RNA

Question 37

what does cytosine pair with

Answer 37

guanine

Question 38

what 3 ways does RNA differ from DNA

Answer 38

1. RNA is single stranded, DNA is double stranded 2. In RNA C2 of pentose ring is oxygenated, DNA doesnt have oxygen on C2 3. RNA contains Uracil and DNA contains thymine

Question 39

what are the 3 types of RNA

Answer 39

mRNA rRNA tRNA

Question 40

what does the mRNA do

Answer 40

deliver DNA code for amino acids to the cytosol prepares for protein manufacture

Question 41

what does rRNA do and what are ribosomes responsible for

Answer 41

form ribosomes by combining with proteins ribosomes responsible for directing synthesis of proteins

Question 42

what are tRNA responsible for

Answer 42

collect amino acids in cytosol and transfer them to ribosomes

Question 43

what happens to tRNA at the ribosomes

Answer 43

incorporated into proteins

Question 44

what is RNA manufactured base off

Answer 44

manufactured from DNA template

Question 45

DNA can be transcribed into what

Answer 45

into RNA

Question 46

what does RNA use DNA's hereditary information for

Answer 46

to create new proteins via sequencing of specific amino acids

Question 47

what are some of the functions that proteins have

Answer 47

enzyme catalysis transport defense structural support movement regulation of genes storage of ions

Question 48

what are proteins structurally

Answer 48

polymers of amino acids

Question 49

amino acids join together to form ___ which then forms proteins

Answer 49

form long polypeptide chains which eventually form proteins

Question 50

what do proteins do when forming from long polypeptide chains

Answer 50

fold

Question 51

what are chaperone proteins in terms of what they do/their function

Answer 51

assist in folding of proteins/help other proteins fold correctly

Question 52

what is denaturation

Answer 52

when proteins change shape or completely unfold

Question 53

why does denaturation of proteins happen? what causes it?

Answer 53

due to alteration of proteins environment eg changes in pH/ion concentration/temperature

Question 54

are denatured proteins active and what does this mean functionally

Answer 54

inactive so cannot catalyse reactions

Question 55

what is the central dogma of gene expression

Answer 55

that DNA is transcribed into RNA which is then translated into amino acids

Question 56

what is a protein made up of

Answer 56

many amino acids

Question 57

are some lipids soluble in water

Answer 57

no all lipids are insoluble in water

Question 58

what are saturated lipids and how do they occur

Answer 58

when all internal carbon atoms in fatty acid chain are bonded to at least 2 H atoms

Question 59

what are unsaturated lipids and how do they occur

Answer 59

occur when fatty acid has double/triple bonds between their internal carbon atoms

Question 60

what is polyunsaturated fatty acids

Answer 60

if fatty acids has more than one double bond

Question 61

the fats produced by animals are mostly saturated/unsaturated

Answer 61

saturated

Question 62

the fats produced by plants are mostly saturated/unsaturated

Answer 62

unsaturated

Question 63

what are phospholipids

Answer 63

complex lipid molecules

Question 64

what do phospholipids form

Answer 64

core of all cell membranes in organisms

Question 65

what can a phospholipid be thought of as structurally

Answer 65

triglyceride with a phosphate group replacing one of the fatty acids

Question 66

what is the structure of glycerol chemically

Answer 66

three carbon alcohol each carbon atoms contains a hydroxyl group (-OH)

Question 67

what does glycerol form

Answer 67

backbone of phospholipid molecules