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? Biology > 4. Energy, Metabolism & Respiration > Flashcards

4. Energy, Metabolism & Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

what is ATP used as

A

source of energy in cellular energy transactions

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2
Q

what does ATP consist of

A

3 phosphate groups, ribose and adenine

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3
Q

what are the chemical bonds in ATP important for - 2 things

A

storage and release of energy

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4
Q

what does protein kinase do

A

an enzyme that removes phosphate group from ATP and energy is released

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5
Q

what is metabolism

A

total of all chemical reactions carried out by an organism

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6
Q

what are the 2 types of chemical reactions that are carried out by organisms

A

catabolism and metabolism

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7
Q

what is catabolism in terms of energy and what happens to the molecules

A

producing energy by breaking down molecules

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8
Q

what is anabolism in terms of energy and what happens to the molecules

A

uses energy to build up molecules

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9
Q

what is the first step of the 3 stages of metabolism/respiration

A

macromolecules broken down into constituent parts

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10
Q

what is the 2nd step of the 3 stages of metabolism/respiration

A

constituent parts oxidised to produce acetyl coA, pyruvate and other metabolites

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11
Q

what is formed in the second step of metabolism/respiration along with acetyl coa and pyruvate

A

some ATP and NADH and FADH2

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12
Q

does the second step of metabolism/respiration use oxygen

A

not directly

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13
Q

what is the 3rd step of the 3 stages of metabolism/respiration and what condition does this require

A

in presence of oxygen

metabolites formed in stage 2 can go into citric acid cycle where oxidative phosphorylation will take place to form large amounts of energy

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14
Q

what is the first stage of anaerobic and aerobic respiration

A

glycolysis

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15
Q

what does glycolysis involve

A

breaking down a 6C glucose into two 3C pyruvates

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16
Q

does glycolysis need oxygen

A

no it will happen in the presence or absence of oxygen

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17
Q

where does glycolysis occur

A

cytosol

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18
Q

overall how many ATP are used and produced in glycolysis

A

2 ATP used
4 ATP produced

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19
Q

how many pyruvate and NADH remain at the end of glycolysis

A

2 pyruvate

2 NADH

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20
Q

where does aerobic respiration occur

A

matrix of mitochondrion

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21
Q

what happens to pyruvate in aerobic respiration

A

pyruvate diffuses into matrix and is converted into acetyl coA

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22
Q

what else is produced in aerobic respiration when pyruvate is converted into acetyl coa

A

CO2 and NADH

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23
Q

what 2 other types of molecules can be used to produce pyruvate other than glucose

A

lipids like fatty acids

proteins like amino acids

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24
Q

how is amino acids converted into pyruvate

A

amino acids deaminated and converted to pyruvic acid or acetyl coA

25
Q

what is responsible for the initiation of the Krebs cycle

A

acetyl CoA

26
Q

what is acetyl CoA

A

coenzyme

27
Q

what does acetyl coa do

A

transfers 2 Carbons from pyruvate to oxaloacetic acid that initiates the kreb cycle

28
Q

how many ATP NADH and FADH2 are produced in each turn of the krebs cycle

A

1ATP
3NADH
1FADH2

29
Q

during each krebs cycle how many carbon atoms are lost and they are lost as what

A

2C atoms lost as CO2

30
Q

what is the name of the process of producing ATP in Krebs cycle

A

substrate level phosphorylation

31
Q

what is the e- transport chain

A

series of proteins in inner membrane of mitochondrion

32
Q

where are the e- from that go into the e- transport chain

A

NADH and FADH2

33
Q

what happens to the e- in the e- transport chain and what do they form

A

accept by oxygen to form water

34
Q

as the e- pass through the protein series in the e- transport chain what happens to protons and what does it form

A

protons pumped into intermembrane space forming proton gradient

35
Q

what is the proton motive force

A

proton gradient

36
Q

what does the proton motive force do to protons and what does it produce

A

it moves protons back into the mitochondrial membrane through ATP synthase to produce ATP

37
Q

how many ATP are produced from each NADH and FADH2

A

2-3 ATP for NADH

2 ATP for FADH2

38
Q

what are the overall product and reactants for aerobic respiration in equation form

A

C6H12O6 +6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

39
Q

what are the overall product and reactants for anaerobic respiration in equation form

A

C6H12O6 -> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

40
Q

what are the overall product and reactants for photosynthesis in equation form

A

6CO2 + 6H2O ->C6H12O6 + 6O2

41
Q

what do enzymes do

A

lower the activation energy of a reaction

42
Q

what does a lower activation energy mean for a reaction

A

results in faster reaction than without enzyme present

43
Q

are enzymes changed or consumed in reactions

A

no

44
Q

what are active sites and what do they do

A

conform to fit the shape of substrates which allows substrates to bind to the active site of enzymes

45
Q

how is enzyme function affected by conc of reaction substrates and enzymes

in terms of increasing enzyme conc in excess and constant substrate conc

A

excess substrate = increase conc of enzymes increases reaction rate in linear fashion

constant enzyme conc = increase in substrate conc will increase react rate until it reaches max rate

46
Q

what are 2 things that can alter the shape of enzymes and name 3 examples

A

chemical and physical factors

temp, pH and presence of regulatory molecules

47
Q

what is temp effect on enzymes

A

rate of enzyme catalysed reaction increases with increasing temp only until it reaches optimum temp

48
Q

what happens to enzymes that are not at optimal pH

A

function will decreased efficiency and can become denatured

49
Q

what are inhibitors

A

substance that can bind to enzyme and decrease its activity

50
Q

what are the 2 types of enzyme inhibition

A

competitive and non-competitive

51
Q

what is competitive inhibition

A

inhibitors compete with substrate for the same active site on enzyme

52
Q

what are non competitive inhibition

A

inhibitor bind to a location other than the active site - this changes the enzyme shape and will not be able to bind to substrate

53
Q

what does allosteric activator do and what does this do for enzyme activity

A

bind to allosteric sites in enzyme and keeps enzyme in active configuration and increases activity of enzyme

54
Q

what does allosteric inhibitor do and what does this do for enzyme activity

A

binds to allosteric sites in enzyme and decreases enzyme activity

55
Q

what are cofactors

A

inorganic chemical components that assist in functioning of enzymes

56
Q

what are 2 examples of cofactors

A

Zn2+ and Cu2+

usually metals

57
Q

what do cofactors do

are they considered as substrates of the reaction

A

bind to active site of enzyme and participate in catalysis but arent considered substrates of the reaction

58
Q

what will happen if the enzyme doesnt have the cofactors

A

enzyme cant lock substrate into its active site so reaction wont take place

? Biology (21 decks)

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