2. The Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 3 rules of cell theory

A
  1. all organisms are made of 1 or more cells
  2. cells are basic units of organization in all organisms
  3. A cell can only arise from division of previously existing cell
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2
Q

why are cells small

A

small cell is advantageous in terms of surface area to volume ratio

smaller flatter cell with large surface area to volume ratio is more efficient in diffusion and removal of wastes

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3
Q

what happens to the cell in terms of volume and surface area as it gets larger

A

volume increases at faster rate than surface area (lower surface area to volume ratio)

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4
Q

what does light microscopes operate on

A

visible light

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5
Q

what is the function of the first and second lens in a light microscope

A

first lens focuses image onto second lens

image is magnified and is focused on back of eye

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6
Q

what are compound microscopes

A

microscopes that magnify using multiple lenses

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7
Q

at what measurements can light microscopes resolve

A

structures that are at least 200nm apart

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8
Q

what does an electron microscope operate on

A

electrons

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9
Q

how much more resolving power do electron microscopes have compared to light microscopes

A

1000x more

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10
Q

how do transmission e- microscopes work

A

e- transmit through the material

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11
Q

at what measurements can transmission e- microscopes resolve

A

resolves images 0.2mm apart

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12
Q

how do scanning e- microscopes work

A

beams e- onto surface of specimen

e- reflect back from surface and other e- from specimen are released from bombardment

e- amplified and transmitted to screen

produces 3D image

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13
Q

what are the 4 major features that all cells have in common

A

nucleoid/nucleus

cytoplasm

ribosomes

plasma membrane

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14
Q

what is the purpose of the nucleoid/nucleus

A

contains DNA

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15
Q

where is DNA found in prokaryotes

A

in centre of cell in nucleoid

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16
Q

where is DNA found in eukaryotes

A

DNA found in nucleus

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17
Q

what surrounds the nucleus in eukaryotes

A

double membrane called nuclear envelope

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18
Q

what is the cytoplasm

A

semi fluid matrix filling the cells interior

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19
Q

what does the cytoplasm contain

A

all of amino acids, proteins and sugars essential to the cell

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20
Q

what role does the ribosome play

A

protein synthesis

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21
Q

what is the plasma membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded

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22
Q

what does the plasma membrane do

A

encloses the cell and separates the internal components of cell from environment

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23
Q

what are the 2 types of proteins in plasma membrane

A

transport and receptor

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24
Q

what is the purpose of transport proteins

A

help ions/molecules move across plasma membranes

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25
Q

what is the purpose of receptor proteins

A

bring about changes in the cell when receptors come into contact with molecules (eg hormones)

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26
Q

what are the 3 outside layers of a prokaryote cell from outside to inside

A

cell wall

plasma membrane

cytoplasm

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27
Q

are DNA and cellular constituents membrane bound in prokaryotes

A

no they have access to entire interior of cell

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28
Q

what are the 2 domains of prokaryotes

A

bacteria and archaea

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29
Q

what does the bacterial cell wall consist of

A

peptidoglycan

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30
Q

what does the cell wall do for bacteria - 3 things

A

maintain shape of cell

protect cell

prevent excessive loss/uptake of water

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31
Q

what can bacteria have that surrounds the cell wall

A

protective capsule

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32
Q

what does the cell wall of archae consist of

A

pseudopeptidoglycan

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33
Q

what do flagella allow

A

movement

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34
Q

what are flagella in terms of structure

A

protein fibre that extend from cell

35
Q

what is the relationship of eukaryotic cell organelles in relation to membrane

A

membrane bound structures form compartments

36
Q

DNA is wrapped into compact unit called ___ in ___

A

chromosomes in the nucleus

37
Q

what is the nucleus responsible for

A

synthesis of nearly all proteins in cell

38
Q

what is the nucleolus

A

region in nucleus in which synthesis of ribosomal RNA is taking place

39
Q

what does the nuclear envelope surround

A

the surface of nucleus

40
Q

what layers do nuclear envelopes have and how many

A

2 phospholipid bilayer membranes

41
Q

what do the nuclear envelope pores allow - 2 things

A

allow movement of proteins into nucleus

allow exportation of RNA complexes from nucleus to cytoplasm

42
Q

what are chromosomes composed of

A

chromatin

43
Q

what is the DNA structure to form nucleosome

A

DNA wrapped around histones to form nucleosome

44
Q

what do ribosomes do

A

translate mRNA to produce polypeptides

45
Q

what do polypeptides form

A

proteins

46
Q

what is the cytoskeleton

A

internal protein scaffold of eukaryotic cells

47
Q

which of the following have cell walls

plants, animals, fungi

A

plants and fungi

48
Q

what does the endomembrane system allow - 2 things

A

allows channelling of molevules through the interior of the cell

provides synthesis of some proteins and lipids

49
Q

what are the 4 components of the endomembrane system

A

Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum

golgi apparatus

lysosomes

50
Q

what does the rough ER do

A

site of protein synthesis

synthesises and modifies proteins

51
Q

what is the structure of rough ER

A

studded with ribosomes

52
Q

what does the smooth ER do

A

roles in lipid and carbohydrate synthesis

53
Q

does the smooth ER have ribosomes

A

no

54
Q

what does the golgi apparatus do - 2 things

A

sorts and packages proteins

receives and transport vesicles from ER and then modifies, repackages, transports them as secretory vesicles

55
Q

what do lysosomes do

A

contain digestive enzymes that break down molecules and recycle the components of old organelles

56
Q

do mitochondria and chloroplast have their own DNA and what is their membrane structure

A

yes

double membrane structure

57
Q

what is the function of mitochondria and what part of its structure helps it achieve this function

A

metabolize sugar to generate ATP

inner membrane and surface proteins

58
Q

what is the structure of mitochondria

A

highly folded inner membrane that contains proteins

59
Q

what is the function of chloroplasts and what do they utilize to achieve this

A

generates ATP and sugars (glucose) using light

60
Q

how do the chloroplasts capture light energy

A

captures light energy via thylakoid membranes arranged in stacks - grana

61
Q

what is the function of cytoskeleton - 3 functions

A

anchors the organelles

supports the shape of the cell

help move materials within cell

62
Q

what is the structure of cytoskeleton and what is it composed of

A

crisscrossed protein fibres (filaments and microtubules)

63
Q

what are the 2 structures that help cells to aid movment

A

flagella and cilia

64
Q

where do flagella arise from

A

basal body

65
Q

what is the cilia structure compared to flagella

A

shorter and more numerous than flagella

66
Q

what is the motion of flagella

A

propeller like motion

67
Q

what is the motion of cilia

A

back and forth beating motion

68
Q

what kind of cells are fungi

A

eukaryotic organisms

69
Q

what are the 2 classifications of fungi

A

unicellular or multicellular

70
Q

how can fungi reproduce

A

both sexually and asexually

71
Q

what is the structure of viruses

A

very small, obligate, intracellular parasites

72
Q

why are viruses considered non living - 2 reasons

A

no cellular structures

cant carry out metabolism independently

73
Q

what must happen for a virus to replicate their genetic material and multiply

A

must be in a living cell

74
Q

what are the 6 steps of virus DNA replication in a host cell

A

attachment

entry and degradation

replication

synthesis

assembly

release

75
Q

what is the attachment step of virus DNA replication in a host cell

A

virus attaches to cell surface

76
Q

what is the entry and degradation step of virus DNA replication in a host cell

A

viral DNA is injected into cell

coat of virus remains outside and is degraded

77
Q

what is the replication step of virus DNA replication in a host cell

A

nucleic acid is replicated in host cell

78
Q

what is the synthesis step of virus DNA replication in a host cell

A

new protein coats are synthesised within host cell

79
Q

what is the assembly step of virus DNA replication in a host cell

A

mature virions are assembled within the cell

80
Q

what is the release step of virus DNA replication in a host cell

A

cell ruptures releasing mature virus particles

81
Q

do viruses have DNA or RNA

A

one or the other but cant be both

82
Q

where is the genetic material of a virus found

A

in their protein coat

83
Q

what is the caspid

A

protein coat