11. The Digestive & Excretory System

Question 1

what is the enzyme found in saliva

Answer 1

alpha amylase

Question 2

what does alpha amylase do

Answer 2

break down starch into polysaccharides

Question 3

what is the enzyme in the stomach

Answer 3

pepsin

Question 4

what does pepsin do

Answer 4

initiates protein digestion

Question 5

what happens in the small intestine

Answer 5

digestion and absorption

Question 6

what are the 3 sections of the small intestine from smallest to largest

Answer 6

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

Question 7

why is the duodenum pH 6

Answer 7

bicarbonate ion secreted by pancreas

Question 8

what are the 4 enzymes secreted by the pancreas

Answer 8

trypsin and chymotrypsin
pancreatic amylase
lipase

Question 9

what do trypsin and chymotrypsin do

Answer 9

degrade proteins into smaller polypeptides

Question 10

what does pancreatic amylase do

Answer 10

hydrolyze and digest polysaccharides into trisaccharide and disaccharides

hydrolysis continues via pancreatic amylase to form small glucose polymers

Question 11

what does lipase do

Answer 11

degrade fats like triglycerides

Question 12

what does the liver produce

Answer 12

bile

Question 13

where is bile stored

Answer 13

in gall bladder

Question 14

the gall bladder releases what and what does it do

Answer 14

release bile

break down fat into small particles without changing chemical nature of fat

Question 15

what is the liver responsible for

Answer 15

carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism

Question 16

what happens when there is excess glucose in the blood after a meal

what is this process called

Answer 16

taken up by liver and converted into glycogen - glycogenesis

Question 17

what happens when the glucose conc in blood decrease

what is this process called

Answer 17

liver activates pathways to break down glycogen back into glucose

glycogenolysis

Question 18

what happens when all glycogen reserves are exhausted

what is this process called

Answer 18

liver breaks down amino acids to form glucose for energy

gluconeogenesis

Question 19

what does the liver do in terms of energy

Answer 19

break down fats/triglycerides to produce energy

Question 20

what is produced when the liver uses fats for energy

Answer 20

acidic ketone bodies

Question 21

what happens to the pH when the liver uses fat for energy

Answer 21

decreases - becomes more acidic

Question 22

what does the liver do in terms of conversion

Answer 22

converts excess carbohydrates and proteins into fatty acids and triglycerides which are then exported and stored in adipose tissue as fat

Question 23

what does the liver do to amino acids

Answer 23

deaminate them

converts non nitrogenous part of molecules into lipids and glucose

Question 24

what does the liver do for ammonia

Answer 24

removes ammonia from body via synthesis of urea

Question 25

what plasma protein does the liver synthesis

Answer 25

albumin

Question 26

what does the large intestine do

Answer 26

water absorption

electrolyte balance

Question 27

how are nutrients absorbed in the small intestine

Answer 27

by enterocytes and then processed and carried to individual cells for utilisation

Question 28

what is the fate of proteins

Answer 28

amino acids

Question 29

what is the fate of carbohydrates

Answer 29

glucose

Question 30

what is the fate of fats

Answer 30

triglycerides and fatty acids

Question 31

what are the kidneys 2 major functions

Answer 31

maintain homeostasis of solute composition and body fluid volume

excrete waste products such as urea/ammonia/uric acid/phosphate

Question 32

what are the 2 parts of the kidney

Answer 32

outer cortex
inner medulla

Question 33

what is the path of urine from the kidneys

Answer 33

created in kidney

moves into renal pelvis and then into bladder via ureters

urine drained from bladder via urethra

Question 34

what is the main functioning unit of the kidney

Answer 34

nephron

Question 35

blood flows into what part of the kidney

Answer 35

capillary bed (glomerulus) inside the bowmans capsule

Question 36

what happens in the glomerulus and what moves on and to where

Answer 36

blood cells and large proteins filtered out at glomerulus

filtrate moves to proximal tubule

Question 37

what happens at the proximal tubule

Answer 37

reabsorption of the glucose, proteins, solute and water

reduces amount of filtrate in nephron without changing the osmolarity

Question 38

where does the filtrate go from the proximal tubule

Answer 38

loop of henle

Question 39

what is the role of the loop of henle

Answer 39

increase solute conc and osmotic pressure of medulla

Question 40

what happens to water at the loop of henle and medulla

Answer 40

water diffuses out of the loop of henle and into medulla

Question 41

what diffuses out of the ascending limb

Answer 41

salt

Question 42

what does the distal tubule secrete and absorb

Answer 42

secretes K+ and H+

reabsorbs Na+ and Ca2+

Question 43

what does aldosterone do at the distal tubule

Answer 43

increase K+ and Na+ membrane transport proteins

Question 44

what is the function of the distal tubule

Answer 44

lower osmolarity of the filtrate

Question 45

the filtrate moves where from the distal tubule

Answer 45

to the collecting duct

Question 46

what acts at the collecting duct and what does it allow

Answer 46

ADH

allows water to passively diffuse out of the nephron which concentrates the urine that enters the renal pelvis