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Neurosensory > 9. Systems in the NS. Sensory III - the SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEM > Flashcards

9. Systems in the NS. Sensory III - the SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

SENSATION is the PHYSIOLOGICAL REACTION to the SURROUNDING WORLD

what are the PURPOSES of SENSATION

A
  • BALANCE & PHYSICAL ORIENTATION
  • RESPONSE to constant CHANGES in the Environment
  • PLEASURE/PAIN
  • SAFETY - Reflex Movements away from harm
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2
Q

TYPES of SENSATION

A

SOMATOSENSORY / CUTANEOUS Senses:
Touch, Pressure, Vibration, Temperature, Pain, Proprioception

SPECIAL SENSES: Smell, Taste, Hearing, Sight

AUTONOMIC SYSTEM

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3
Q

what are the SPECIALISED Cutaneous Receptors

A
  • PACINIAN
    -MERISSNER’S CORPUSCLE
  • MERKEL’S DISCS
  • RUFFINI
  • Mechanoreceptors
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4
Q

what are the UNSPECIALISED Cutaneous Receptors

A
  • FREE NERVE ENDINGS
  • HAIR FOLLICLE RECEPTORS
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5
Q

what does the SPECIALISED CUTANEOUS RECEPTOR -
PACINIAN CORPUSCLES detect

A

PRESSURE
RAPID VIBRATIONS (200-300 Hz)

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6
Q

what does the SPECIALISED CUTANEOUS RECEPTOR -
MEISSSNER’S CORPUSCLES detect

A
  • 50 Hz MECHANORECEPTOR
  • LIGHT TOUCH
  • TEXTURE
  • RAPID ADAPTION
  • HIGH SENSITIVITY
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7
Q

what does the SPECIALISED CUTANEOUS RECEPTOR -
MERKEL’S DISCS detect

A

SUSTAINED TOUCH & PRESSURE

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8
Q

what does the SPECIALISED CUTANEOUS RECEPTOR -
RUFFINI ENDINGS detect

A

SLOW ADAPTING MECHANORECEPTORS
- DEEP SKIN TENSION / SENSION
- JOINT ANGLE CHANGE
- MODULATES GRIP
- DEEP THERMAL PAIN (deep thermal Burns loss of pain)

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9
Q

what does the SPECIALISED CUTANEOUS RECEPTOR -
MECHANORECEPTORS detect

A

TOUCH, PRESSURE, STRETCH

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10
Q

what does the UNSPECIALISED CUTANEOUS RECEPTOR -
FREE NERVE ENDINGS detect

A

PAIN
TEMPERATURE
MECHANICAL DEFORMATION
CHEMICAL

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11
Q

what does the UNSPECIALISED CUTANEOUS RECEPTOR -
HAIR FOLLICLE RECEPTORS detect

A

TOUCH

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12
Q

which CUTANEOUS RECEPTOR MODULATES GRIP

A

RUFFINI

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13
Q

which CUTANEOUS RECEPTOR detects RAPID VIBRATIONS (200-300)

A

PACINIAN CORPUSCLES

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14
Q

which CUTANEOUS RECEPTOR detect SUSTAINED TOUCH & PRESSURE

A

MERKEL’S DISCS

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15
Q

which CUTANEOUS RECEPTOR detects DEEP SKIN TENSION/STRETCH, JOINT ANGLE CHANGE, MODULATES GRIP, DEEP THERMAL PAIN

A

RUFFINI

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16
Q

which CUTANEOUS RECEPTOR detect PRESSURE & RAPID VIBRATIONS

A

PACINIAN

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17
Q

which CUTANEOUS RECEPTOR detect LIGHT TOUCH, TEXTURE, RAPID ADAPTION, HIGH SENSITIVITY

A

MEISSNER’S CORPUSCLE

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18
Q

which CUTANEOUS RECEPTOR detects PAIN, TEMPERATURE, MECHANICAL DEFORMATION, CHEMICAL

A

FREE NERVE ENDINGS
(unspecialised)

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19
Q

what are the 2 primary PROPRIOCEPTION STRETCH RECEPTORS:

A
  • MUSCLE SPINDLES
  • GOLGI TENDON APPARATUS (for REFLEX ARC)

(Muscle spindles are sensory receptors within the belly of a muscle that primarily detect changes in the length of this muscle)

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20
Q

where can you find VISCERAL STRETCH RECEPTORS

A
  • HEART
  • CAROTID
  • LUNG
  • GUT
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21
Q

sensory signals of PROPRIOCEPTION are sent to brain via which ASCENDING PATHWAYS:

A
  • SPINOCEREBELLAR
  • MEDIAL LEMINISCUS
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22
Q

how is PROPRAGTATION DETECTED/ACTIVATED at the NERVE ENDING / RECEPTOR

A

DEFORMATION of the CONNECTIVE TISSUE COVERING the Nerve ENDING

  • ACTIVATES MECHANICALLY-GATED ION CHANNELS
  • DEPOLARISES the RECEPTOR to reach THRESHOLD for ACTION POTENTIAL
23
Q

there are 2 ADAPTATIONS of IMPULSES: FAST & SLOW

how is the RESPONSE of the FAST ADAPTATION

A

BRIEF (short) RESPONSE

24
Q

there are 2 ADAPTATIONS of IMPULSES: FAST & SLOW

how is the RESPONSE of the SLOW ADAPTATION

A

continues to RESPOND to STIMULUS LONGER
(important for when you need to know that you are continuously being stimulated)

but will Eventually FATIGUE

25
Q

how are TYPE A FIBRE types

A
  • LARGE
  • FAST
  • MYELINATED
26
Q

how are TYPE B FIBRE types

A
  • SMALL
  • MYELINATED
  • SLOW / LOW CONDUCTION VELOCITY
27
Q

how are TYPE C FIBRE types

A
  • SMALLEST
  • UNMYELINATED
  • SLOW / LOW CONDUCTION VELOCITY

SLOW PAIN

28
Q

which FIBRE TYPE are MUSCLE PROPRIOCEPTORS

A

A ALPHA

29
Q

which FIBRE TYPE are SKIN MECHANORECEPTORS for NON-NOXIOUS (non-harmful) STIMULI

A

A BETA

30
Q

which FIBRE TYPE are NOXIOUS MECHANICAL STIMULUS, for PAIN & TEMPERATURE

A

A - DELTA

31
Q

which FIBRE TYPE are for SLOW PAIN, NOXIOUS HEAT and CHEMICAL STIMULI

A

C fibres

32
Q

in SOMATOSENSORY PATHWAYS there are PRIMARY, SECONDARY, TERTIARY NEURONS.

where are their CELL BODIES LOCATED

A

In DORSAL ROOT GANGLION,
SPINAL CORD,
THALAMUS

33
Q

name of the SOMATOSENSORY PATHWAY / SENSORY PATHWAY of the CNS

A

DORSAL COLUMN MEDIAL LEMINISCAL PATHWAY

34
Q

how are ASCENDING PATHWAYS to the THALAMUS

A

MOSTLY DECUSSATED (cross over)

some IPSILATERAL

35
Q

which TRACT is for PAIN & TEMPERATURE

A

SPINOTHALAMIC TRACT

  • most decussate
36
Q

which TRACT is for VIBRATION & PROPRIOCEPTION

A

POSTERIOR COLUMNS

  • Most Ipsilateral
37
Q

what CLINICAL FINDINGS present in a SPINAL CORD LESION

A
  • IPSILATERAL WEAKNESS
  • IPSILATERAL LOSS of VIBRATION & PROPRIOCEPTION
  • COTRALATERAL LOSS of PAIN/TEMP at or few levels below lesion
38
Q

in SPINOTHALAMIC TRACT for PAIN & TEMPERATURE are neurones ipsilateral or do they decussate

A

MOST DECUSSATE

39
Q

in POSTERIOR COLUMNS for VIBRATION & PROPRIOCEPTION are neurones ipsilateral or do they decussate

A

MOST IPSILATERAL

40
Q

how is the REFLEX ARC RESPONSE

A

RAPID RESPONSE when DANGER/HARM

to SPINAL CORD - RELAY NEURON - MOTOR NEURON

efferents from spinal cord, doesn’t relay to brain for immediate response

41
Q

what are the CENTRAL PATHWAYS

A
  • MEDIAL LEMINISCUS
  • MEDULLA
  • THALAMUS
  • CORTEX - PRIMARY SENSORY AREA
    -> cerebellum for posture, balance
  • CORTICAL ASSOCIATION PATHWAYS
42
Q

the POSTERIOR PARIETAL CORTEX is for what

A

PROPRIOCEPTION
(where the body is in space)

43
Q

in which LOBE are the PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX and SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX

A

FRONTAL LOBE

44
Q

example of REFERRED PAIN is CARDIAC PAIN being felt in the…

A

ARM

as dorsal root ganglion are connected so there is stimulation of adjacent areas

45
Q

example of REFERRED PAIN is ANGINA PECTORIS being felt in the…

A

ARM, JAW

46
Q

example of REFERRED PAIN is PLEURITIS (inflammation of Diaphragm) being felt in the…

A

SHOULDER

47
Q

example of REFERRED PAIN is PLEURITIS (inflammation of Diaphragm) being felt in the…

A

SHOULDER

48
Q

example of REFERRED PAIN is URINARY TRACT INFECTION being felt in the…

A

BACK, ABDOMEN

49
Q

example of REFERRED PAIN is AORTIC ANEURYSM being felt in the…

A

BACK

50
Q

example of REFERRED PAIN is CHOLECYSTITIS (galbladder inflamation) being felt in the…

A

RIGHT SHOULDER / SCAPULAR AREA

51
Q

what is PHANTOM LIMB PAIN

A

LONG-LASTING NOXIOUS INPUT to the LIMB

  • DEVELOPMENT of CORTICAL PAIN MEMORY and
    ENHANCED EXCITABILITY

result in AMPUTATION
(reorganisation of the amputation zone in somatosensory cortex)

52
Q

what are ANALGESICS / chemicals released for PAIN MODULATION

A
  • KININS & SEROTONINS released at site of injury
  • ENDORPHINS - block plain perception
53
Q

MECHANICAL forms of PAIN MODULATION, Non-painful sensory stimuli:

A
  • RUBBING
  • HEAT or COLD
  • CHEMICAL STIMULI eg CAPSAICIN (RED PEPPER)

other stimuli to try and mask the painful pathway

Neurosensory (17 decks)

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