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Neurosensory > 6.2 Systems in the NS, Sensory I - VISUAL SYSTEM and upper cranial nerves (HARC) > Flashcards

6.2 Systems in the NS, Sensory I - VISUAL SYSTEM and upper cranial nerves (HARC) Flashcards

1
Q

the WALLS of the EYEBALL are DIVIDED into 3 LAYERS:

A
  • OUTER FIBROUS
  • MIDDLE VASCULAR
  • INNER (RETINA)
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2
Q

OUTER FIBROUS LAYER of the eye consists of which parts:

A

SCLERA (the WHITE of the eye)
CORNEA

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3
Q

the SCLERE covers which parts of the EYEBALL

A

POSTERIOR and LATERAL PARTS

5/6th of eyeball

Cornea is CONTINUOUS with it ANTERIORLY
(1/6th)

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4
Q

what is the SCLERA of the Outer Fibrous layer PIERCED by

A

the OPTIC NERVE

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5
Q

Colour of SCLERA and CORNEA

A

SCLERA - OPAQUE, WHITE (dense connective tissue)
CORNEA - TRANSPARENT

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6
Q

how is BLOOD SUPPLY to the CORNEA

A

NONE

  • AVASCULAR

receives its nutrients by diffusion

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7
Q

what is the CORNEA RESPONSIBLE FOR

A

REFRACTION OF LIGHT entering the eye

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8
Q

parts of the MIDDLE VASCULAR LAYER of the eyeball

A
  • CHOROID
  • CILLIARY BODY -> CILLIARY MUSCLE, CILLIARY PROCESS
  • IRIS
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9
Q

what is LOOSELY ATTACHED to the CHOROID

A

SCLERA of the outer fibrous layer

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10
Q

CHOROID is FIRMLY ATTACHED to the..

A

RETINA

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11
Q

CHOROID is composed of 2 LAYERS

outer:
inner:

A

OUTER: HIGHLY PIGMENTED layer that ABSORBS LIGHT

INNER: HIGHLY VASCULAR LAYER

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12
Q

CILLIARY BODY is CONTINUOUS with the CHOROID and how is it around the EYEBALL

A

forms a COMPLETE RING AROUND it

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13
Q

what is the CILIARY MUSLCE part of the CILIARY BODY

A

SMOOTH MUSCLE (Longitudinal, Circular, Radial) that are controlled by PARASYMPATHETICS of the OCCULOMOTOR

  • ATTACHES to the LENS via the CILLIARY PROCESS
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14
Q

what is the CILIARY PROCESS part of the CILIARY BODY

  • what is it attached to
A

it is ATTACHED to ZONAL FIBRES suspending / attached to the LENS

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15
Q

what does CONTRACTION of the CILIARY MUSCLE do

A

DECREASES SIZE of the RING

-> REDUCES TENSION on the LENS
which is more RELAXED for NEAR VISION

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16
Q

CILIARY MUSCLE CONTROLLED by which NERVOUS SYSTEM and which NERVE

A

PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

by OCCULOMOTOR

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17
Q

CONTRACTION of CILIARY MUSCLE has what EFFECT on the LENS

A

RELAXATION

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18
Q

IRIS is the COLOURED PART of the EYE.
it is the CIRCULAR STRUCTURE that PROJECTS from the…

A

CILIARY BODY

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19
Q

CENTRAL OPENING of the IRIS is the..

A

PUPIL

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20
Q

IRIS consists of which SMOOTH MUSCLES:

A
  • SPHINCTER PUPILLAE
  • DILATOR PUPILLAE
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21
Q

which IRIS SMOOTH MUSCLE CONSTRICTS the PUPILLARY OPENING (smaller pupil)

A

SPHINCTER PUPILLAE

  • PARASYMPATHETIC OCCULOMOTOR
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22
Q

which IRIS SMOOTH MUSCLE has RADIALLY ARRANGED FIBRES that DILATE the PUPIL

A

DILATOR PUPILLAE

  • SYMPATHETIC
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23
Q

which LAYER of the CHOROID (middle vascular) is HIGHLY VASCULAR

A

INNER

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24
Q

how are FIBRES of the DILATOR PUPILLAE ARRANGED

A

RADIALLY

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25
Q

DILATION of PUPIL is via which NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

SYMPATHETIC

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26
Q

CONSTRICTION of PUPIL is via which NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

PARASYMPATHETIC

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27
Q

what is the INNER LAYER of the EYEBALL

A

the RETINA

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28
Q

RETINA has OUTER and INNER LAYERS:

A

OUTER PIGMENTED layer

INNER NEURAL layer

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29
Q

which LAYER of the RETINA is FIRMLY ATTACHED to the CHOROID

A

OUTER PIGMENTED LAYER

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30
Q

PIGMENTED (outer) LAYER of RETINA CONTINUES …. over the INNER SURFACE of the…

A

ANTERIORLY

OVER inner surface of the CILIARY BODY & IRIS
- ORA SERRATA (NON-VISUAL PART)

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31
Q

NEURAL (inner) LAYER of RETINA SUBDIVIDES into NEURAL COMPONENTS / 3 LAYERS of CELLS:

A
  • PHOTORECEPTOR CELL LAYER (RODS & CONES)
  • GANGLION CELL LAYER
  • BIPOLAR CELL LAYER
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32
Q

RETINA - INNER NEURAL layer is ATTACHED to the OUTER PIGMENTED layer AROUND THE..

A

OPTIC NERVE & ORA SERRATA

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33
Q

what is the ORA SERRATA

A

the NON-VISUAL end part of RETINA
as light does’t hit there

  • JUNCTION between the RETINA and CILIARY BODY
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34
Q

PHOTORECEPTORS (RODS&CONES) are important to ORIENTATE the PATH OF LIGHT and the PATH OF ACTIVATION

they have SPECIALISED NEURONS that are capable of..

A

PHOTOTRANSDUCTION
- CONVERSION of LIGHT into a CHANGE IN ELECTRCAL POTENTIAL across the cell membrane
(convert light into electrical signal)

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35
Q

as LIGHT falls o n the RETINA it ACTIVATES the RODS & CONES. this ACTIVATION SPREADS to the… to ….

A

BIPOLAR CELLS

to the GANGLION CELLS

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36
Q

GANGLION CELLS CONVERGE to FORM the..

A

OPTIC NERVE

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37
Q

are there MORE RODS or MORE CONES?

A

MORE RODS - 130 million

cones: 7 MILLION

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38
Q

Which PHOTORECEPTOR is for COLOUR VISION

A

CONES

RODS: BLACK & WHTIE

39
Q

Which PHOTORECEPTOR is for COLOUR VISION

A

CONES

RODS: BLACK & WHITE

40
Q

which PHOTORECEPTOR are responsible for VISION at LOW LIGHT / can still ACTIVATE at LOW LIGHT LEVELS
- SCOTOPIC VISION

A

RODS

41
Q

which PHOTORECEPTOR has HIGH SPACIAL ACUITY (ability to discriminate 2 stimuli that are close together) therefore more FOCUSED

A

CONES

42
Q

which PHOTORECEPTOR has 3 TYPES: SHORT, MIDDLE, LONG-WAVELENGTH SENSITIVE

A

CONES

43
Q

characteristics of RODS

A
  • 130 million, more ABUNDANT
  • LOW LIGHT LEVELS vision (scotopic vision)
  • BLACK & WHITE, do not mediate colour vision
  • LOW SPATIAL ACUITY
44
Q

characteristics of CONES

A
  • 7 million (less)
  • ACTIVE at HIGHER LIGHT LEVELS (PHOTOPIC VISION)
  • capable of COLOUR vision
  • HIGH SPATIAL ACUITY
  • 3 types: SHORT, MIDDLE, LONG
    WAVELENGTH SENSITIVE
45
Q

what does LIGHT HIT FIRST, BEFORE RODS/CONES

A

PIGMENT EPITHELIUM

46
Q

HORIZONTAL CELLS can be found BETWEEN BIPOLAR CELLS
what are they responsible for

A

RECEIVE INPUT from multiple PHOTORECEPTOR cells and MAKE ADJUSTMENTS (whether want more activation or not) and REGULATE ACTIVITY in the photo receptor cells

47
Q

AMACRINE CELLS RECEIVE SIGNALS from..

A

BIPOLAR CELS

48
Q

what do AMACRINE CELLS do after they RECEIVE SIGNALS from Bipolar cells

A

involved in REGULATION and INTEGRATION of ACTIVTY in BIPOLAR & GANGLION CELS

49
Q

HORIZONTAL CELLS RECEIVE INPUT from which cells

A

PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS

50
Q

RETINAL GANGLION CELLS have 2 FIELDS shaped as 2 CONCENTRIC CIRCLES: CENTRE & SURROUND

what are the 2 CATEGORIES for them

A
  • ON CENTRE, OFF SURROUND
  • OFF CENTRE, ON SURROUND

(if centre switched on then surround is switched off, vice versa)

51
Q

if LIGHT hits on the CENTRE ONLY of an ON CENTRE, OFF SURROUND ganglion cell,
Is it inhibited or activated

A

ACTIVATED

  • FIRES RAPIDLY
52
Q

if LIGHT hits on the CENTRE ONLY of an OFF CENTRE, ON SURROUND ganglion cell,
Is it inhibited or activated

A

INHIBITED

ganglion cell does not fire

53
Q

if LIGHT hits on the SURROUND ONLY of an ON CENTRE, OFF SURROUND ganglion cell,
Is it inhibited or activated

A

INHIBITED

54
Q

if LIGHT hits on the SURROUND ONLY of an OFF CENTRE, ON SURROUND ganglion cell,
Is it inhibited or activated

A

ACTIVATED

  • Fires rapidly
55
Q

what happens if LIGHT spot Expands and hits BOTH the CENTRE and SURROUND (off or on)

A

WEAK RESPONSE
- low frequency firing / SLOW

56
Q

how is FIRING of the GANGLION CELL when there is NO LIGHT Stimulus
eg on centre, off surround

A

at a BASELINE RATE

57
Q

if a LIGHT SPOT coincides with an ON CENTRE how is the FIRING RATE

A

MAXIMUM

58
Q

there are 2 TYPES of BIPOLARCELLS that SIGNAL to RETINAL GANGLION CELLS:

A
  • OFF BIPOLAR CELLS
  • ON BIPOLAR CELLS
59
Q

an OFF BIPLOAR CELL does what to the stimulus and what happens to the cell by light

A

PRESERVES the sign of the cone / allows stimulus to pass on as it is

and is HYPERPOLARISED

60
Q

an ON BIPLOAR CELL does what to the stimulus and what happens to the cell by light

A

REVERSES the sign of the cone

and is DEPOLARISED by light

61
Q

HORIZONTAL CELLS receive signals from Photoreceptors and send … FEEDBACK

A

INHIBITORY FEEDBACK

62
Q

what is the Point on the RETINA called where the OPTIC NERVE LEAVES it

A

OPTIC DISC

  • branches from the retinal artery spread from here
63
Q

what structure is the BLIND SPOT and why

A

the OPTIC DISC as it has NO LIGHT SENSITIVE RECEPTOR CELLS

64
Q

what is the name of the YELLOWISH COLOURATION and the THINNEST PART of the RETINA

A

MACULA LUTEA

65
Q

CENTRAL DEPRESSION of the MACULA LUTEA (on retina) is called the..

A

FOVEA CENTRALIS

66
Q

where are ALMOST ALL and the CONES CONTAINED

A

in the MACULA LUTEA

  • therefore has HIGHEST LEVEL OF ACUITY

(has very few Rods)

67
Q

what is the name of the WHITE OF THE EYE

A

the SCLERA
(OUTER FIBROUS LAYER of eye)

68
Q

the CHOROID is in which part of the EYE

A

VASCULAR (middle) LAYER

69
Q

CONTRACTION of the CILIARY MUSCLE allows for far or near vision?

A

NEAR VISION

  • Reduces tension of the Lens so more Relaxed
70
Q

what structure of the eye is PIERCED by the OPTIC NERVE

A

SCLERA

(outer fibrous)

71
Q

which IRIS MUSCLE is under SYMPATHETIC CONTROL

A

DILATOR PUPILLAE

72
Q

which CELLS Make ADJUSTMENTS to input from PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS and REGULATE their ACTIVITY

A

HORIZONTAL CELLS

73
Q

where is the HIGHEST LEVEL of SPATIAL ACUITY in the eye

A

MACULA LUTEA of the Retina

74
Q

which part of the RETINA has NO LIGHT SENSITIVE RECEPTOR CELLS

A

OPTIC DISC
- BLIND SPOT

75
Q

which cells allow PHOTOPIC VISION

A

CONES
- activate at HIGH LIGHT LEVELS

76
Q

which Cells cause INHIBITORY FEEDBACK for Photoreceptor cells

A

HORIZONTAL CELLS

77
Q

LIGHT PATHWAY as it enters the eye:

A
  • PIGMENT EPITHELIUM
  • RODS / CONES
  • BIPOLAR CELLS
  • GANGLION CELLS
  • Optic Nerve Fibres
  • OPTIC NERVE
  • OPTIC CHIASM
  • OPTIC TRACT

-> LATERAL GENICULATE BODY (THALAMUS)
-> OPTIC RADIATION
-> OCCIPITAL LOBE primary/secondary visual cortex

78
Q

what has an OUTER PIGMENTED LAYER and INNER NEURAL LAYER

A

The RETINA

79
Q

what part of the eye is AVASCULAR

A

CORNEA

80
Q

CILLIAR PROCESS attaches to which FIBRES suspending the LENS

A

ZONAL FIBRES

81
Q

which IRIS MUSCLE is under PARASYMPATHETIC CONTROL

A

SPHINCTER PUPILLAE

  • CONSTRICTS eyelids
82
Q

which cells are involved in the REGULATION and INTEGRATION of ACTIVITY in BIPOLAR AND GANGLION CELLS

A

AMACRINE CELLS

83
Q

which BIPOLAR CELLS are HYPERPOLARISED by LIGHT

A

those switched OFF

84
Q

what is the FOVEA CENTREALIS

A

CENTRAL DEPRESSION in the MACULA LUTEA of the Retina

85
Q

what is the THINNEST AREA of the RETINA

A

MACULA LUTEA

86
Q

which BIPOLAR CELLS are DEPOLARISED by LIGHT

A

those switched ON

  • REVERSE the sign of the cone
87
Q

VISUAL AXIS of eye

  • AXIS of each ORBIT FACES which DIRECTION
A

ANTEROLATERALLY

88
Q

how many AXIS of the EYE

A

3

89
Q

the A-P AXIS (anterior-posterior) allows what movement

A

LATERAL-MEDIAL ROTATION

90
Q

the TRANSVERSE AXIS allows what movement

A

ELEVATION - DEPRESSION

(facing upwards/downwards)

91
Q

the VERTICAL AXIS allows what movement

A

ABDUCTION-ADDUCTION

92
Q

which EYE AXIS is used for LOOKING UP / DOWN

A

TRANSVERSE AXIS

  • Elevation - Depression
93
Q

which EYE AXIS is used for ABDUCTION and ADDUCTION

A

VERTICAL AXIS

94
Q

which EYE AXIS allows for LATERAL-MEDIAL ROTATION

A

A-P AXIS

Neurosensory (17 decks)

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