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Neurosensory > 6.2 Systems in the NS, Sensory I - VISUAL SYSTEM and upper cranial nerves (HARC) > Flashcards

6.2 Systems in the NS, Sensory I - VISUAL SYSTEM and upper cranial nerves (HARC) Flashcards

1
Q

the WALLS of the EYEBALL are DIVIDED into 3 LAYERS:

A
  • OUTER FIBROUS
  • MIDDLE VASCULAR
  • INNER (RETINA)
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2
Q

OUTER FIBROUS LAYER of the eye consists of which parts:

A

SCLERA (the WHITE of the eye)
CORNEA

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3
Q

the SCLERE covers which parts of the EYEBALL

A

POSTERIOR and LATERAL PARTS

5/6th of eyeball

Cornea is CONTINUOUS with it ANTERIORLY
(1/6th)

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4
Q

what is the SCLERA of the Outer Fibrous layer PIERCED by

A

the OPTIC NERVE

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5
Q

Colour of SCLERA and CORNEA

A

SCLERA - OPAQUE, WHITE (dense connective tissue)
CORNEA - TRANSPARENT

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6
Q

how is BLOOD SUPPLY to the CORNEA

A

NONE

  • AVASCULAR

receives its nutrients by diffusion

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7
Q

what is the CORNEA RESPONSIBLE FOR

A

REFRACTION OF LIGHT entering the eye

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8
Q

parts of the MIDDLE VASCULAR LAYER of the eyeball

A
  • CHOROID
  • CILLIARY BODY -> CILLIARY MUSCLE, CILLIARY PROCESS
  • IRIS
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9
Q

what is LOOSELY ATTACHED to the CHOROID

A

SCLERA of the outer fibrous layer

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10
Q

CHOROID is FIRMLY ATTACHED to the..

A

RETINA

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11
Q

CHOROID is composed of 2 LAYERS

outer:
inner:

A

OUTER: HIGHLY PIGMENTED layer that ABSORBS LIGHT

INNER: HIGHLY VASCULAR LAYER

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12
Q

CILLIARY BODY is CONTINUOUS with the CHOROID and how is it around the EYEBALL

A

forms a COMPLETE RING AROUND it

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13
Q

what is the CILIARY MUSLCE part of the CILIARY BODY

A

SMOOTH MUSCLE (Longitudinal, Circular, Radial) that are controlled by PARASYMPATHETICS of the OCCULOMOTOR

  • ATTACHES to the LENS via the CILLIARY PROCESS
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14
Q

what is the CILIARY PROCESS part of the CILIARY BODY

  • what is it attached to
A

it is ATTACHED to ZONAL FIBRES suspending / attached to the LENS

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15
Q

what does CONTRACTION of the CILIARY MUSCLE do

A

DECREASES SIZE of the RING

-> REDUCES TENSION on the LENS
which is more RELAXED for NEAR VISION

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16
Q

CILIARY MUSCLE CONTROLLED by which NERVOUS SYSTEM and which NERVE

A

PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

by OCCULOMOTOR

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17
Q

CONTRACTION of CILIARY MUSCLE has what EFFECT on the LENS

A

RELAXATION

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18
Q

IRIS is the COLOURED PART of the EYE.
it is the CIRCULAR STRUCTURE that PROJECTS from the…

A

CILIARY BODY

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19
Q

CENTRAL OPENING of the IRIS is the..

A

PUPIL

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20
Q

IRIS consists of which SMOOTH MUSCLES:

A
  • SPHINCTER PUPILLAE
  • DILATOR PUPILLAE
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21
Q

which IRIS SMOOTH MUSCLE CONSTRICTS the PUPILLARY OPENING (smaller pupil)

A

SPHINCTER PUPILLAE

  • PARASYMPATHETIC OCCULOMOTOR
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22
Q

which IRIS SMOOTH MUSCLE has RADIALLY ARRANGED FIBRES that DILATE the PUPIL

A

DILATOR PUPILLAE

  • SYMPATHETIC
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23
Q

which LAYER of the CHOROID (middle vascular) is HIGHLY VASCULAR

A

INNER

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24
Q

how are FIBRES of the DILATOR PUPILLAE ARRANGED

A

RADIALLY

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25
DILATION of PUPIL is via which NERVOUS SYSTEM
SYMPATHETIC
26
CONSTRICTION of PUPIL is via which NERVOUS SYSTEM
PARASYMPATHETIC
27
what is the INNER LAYER of the EYEBALL
the RETINA
28
RETINA has OUTER and INNER LAYERS:
OUTER PIGMENTED layer INNER NEURAL layer
29
which LAYER of the RETINA is FIRMLY ATTACHED to the CHOROID
OUTER PIGMENTED LAYER
30
PIGMENTED (outer) LAYER of RETINA CONTINUES .... over the INNER SURFACE of the...
ANTERIORLY OVER inner surface of the CILIARY BODY & IRIS - ORA SERRATA (NON-VISUAL PART)
31
NEURAL (inner) LAYER of RETINA SUBDIVIDES into NEURAL COMPONENTS / 3 LAYERS of CELLS:
- PHOTORECEPTOR CELL LAYER (RODS & CONES) - GANGLION CELL LAYER - BIPOLAR CELL LAYER
32
RETINA - INNER NEURAL layer is ATTACHED to the OUTER PIGMENTED layer AROUND THE..
OPTIC NERVE & ORA SERRATA
33
what is the ORA SERRATA
the NON-VISUAL end part of RETINA as light does't hit there - JUNCTION between the RETINA and CILIARY BODY
34
PHOTORECEPTORS (RODS&CONES) are important to ORIENTATE the PATH OF LIGHT and the PATH OF ACTIVATION they have SPECIALISED NEURONS that are capable of..
PHOTOTRANSDUCTION - CONVERSION of LIGHT into a CHANGE IN ELECTRCAL POTENTIAL across the cell membrane (convert light into electrical signal)
35
as LIGHT falls o n the RETINA it ACTIVATES the RODS & CONES. this ACTIVATION SPREADS to the... to ....
BIPOLAR CELLS to the GANGLION CELLS
36
GANGLION CELLS CONVERGE to FORM the..
OPTIC NERVE
37
are there MORE RODS or MORE CONES?
MORE RODS - 130 million cones: 7 MILLION
38
Which PHOTORECEPTOR is for COLOUR VISION
CONES RODS: BLACK & WHTIE
39
Which PHOTORECEPTOR is for COLOUR VISION
CONES RODS: BLACK & WHITE
40
which PHOTORECEPTOR are responsible for VISION at LOW LIGHT / can still ACTIVATE at LOW LIGHT LEVELS - SCOTOPIC VISION
RODS
41
which PHOTORECEPTOR has HIGH SPACIAL ACUITY (ability to discriminate 2 stimuli that are close together) therefore more FOCUSED
CONES
42
which PHOTORECEPTOR has 3 TYPES: SHORT, MIDDLE, LONG-WAVELENGTH SENSITIVE
CONES
43
characteristics of RODS
- 130 million, more ABUNDANT - LOW LIGHT LEVELS vision (scotopic vision) - BLACK & WHITE, do not mediate colour vision - LOW SPATIAL ACUITY
44
characteristics of CONES
- 7 million (less) - ACTIVE at HIGHER LIGHT LEVELS (PHOTOPIC VISION) - capable of COLOUR vision - HIGH SPATIAL ACUITY - 3 types: SHORT, MIDDLE, LONG WAVELENGTH SENSITIVE
45
what does LIGHT HIT FIRST, BEFORE RODS/CONES
PIGMENT EPITHELIUM
46
HORIZONTAL CELLS can be found BETWEEN BIPOLAR CELLS what are they responsible for
RECEIVE INPUT from multiple PHOTORECEPTOR cells and MAKE ADJUSTMENTS (whether want more activation or not) and REGULATE ACTIVITY in the photo receptor cells
47
AMACRINE CELLS RECEIVE SIGNALS from..
BIPOLAR CELS
48
what do AMACRINE CELLS do after they RECEIVE SIGNALS from Bipolar cells
involved in REGULATION and INTEGRATION of ACTIVTY in BIPOLAR & GANGLION CELS
49
HORIZONTAL CELLS RECEIVE INPUT from which cells
PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS
50
RETINAL GANGLION CELLS have 2 FIELDS shaped as 2 CONCENTRIC CIRCLES: CENTRE & SURROUND what are the 2 CATEGORIES for them
- ON CENTRE, OFF SURROUND - OFF CENTRE, ON SURROUND (if centre switched on then surround is switched off, vice versa)
51
if LIGHT hits on the CENTRE ONLY of an ON CENTRE, OFF SURROUND ganglion cell, Is it inhibited or activated
ACTIVATED - FIRES RAPIDLY
52
if LIGHT hits on the CENTRE ONLY of an OFF CENTRE, ON SURROUND ganglion cell, Is it inhibited or activated
INHIBITED ganglion cell does not fire
53
if LIGHT hits on the SURROUND ONLY of an ON CENTRE, OFF SURROUND ganglion cell, Is it inhibited or activated
INHIBITED
54
if LIGHT hits on the SURROUND ONLY of an OFF CENTRE, ON SURROUND ganglion cell, Is it inhibited or activated
ACTIVATED - Fires rapidly
55
what happens if LIGHT spot Expands and hits BOTH the CENTRE and SURROUND (off or on)
WEAK RESPONSE - low frequency firing / SLOW
56
how is FIRING of the GANGLION CELL when there is NO LIGHT Stimulus eg on centre, off surround
at a BASELINE RATE
57
if a LIGHT SPOT coincides with an ON CENTRE how is the FIRING RATE
MAXIMUM
58
there are 2 TYPES of BIPOLARCELLS that SIGNAL to RETINAL GANGLION CELLS:
- OFF BIPOLAR CELLS - ON BIPOLAR CELLS
59
an OFF BIPLOAR CELL does what to the stimulus and what happens to the cell by light
PRESERVES the sign of the cone / allows stimulus to pass on as it is and is HYPERPOLARISED
60
an ON BIPLOAR CELL does what to the stimulus and what happens to the cell by light
REVERSES the sign of the cone and is DEPOLARISED by light
61
HORIZONTAL CELLS receive signals from Photoreceptors and send ... FEEDBACK
INHIBITORY FEEDBACK
62
what is the Point on the RETINA called where the OPTIC NERVE LEAVES it
OPTIC DISC - branches from the retinal artery spread from here
63
what structure is the BLIND SPOT and why
the OPTIC DISC as it has NO LIGHT SENSITIVE RECEPTOR CELLS
64
what is the name of the YELLOWISH COLOURATION and the THINNEST PART of the RETINA
MACULA LUTEA
65
CENTRAL DEPRESSION of the MACULA LUTEA (on retina) is called the..
FOVEA CENTRALIS
66
where are ALMOST ALL and the CONES CONTAINED
in the MACULA LUTEA - therefore has HIGHEST LEVEL OF ACUITY (has very few Rods)
67
what is the name of the WHITE OF THE EYE
the SCLERA (OUTER FIBROUS LAYER of eye)
68
the CHOROID is in which part of the EYE
VASCULAR (middle) LAYER
69
CONTRACTION of the CILIARY MUSCLE allows for far or near vision?
NEAR VISION - Reduces tension of the Lens so more Relaxed
70
what structure of the eye is PIERCED by the OPTIC NERVE
SCLERA (outer fibrous)
71
which IRIS MUSCLE is under SYMPATHETIC CONTROL
DILATOR PUPILLAE
72
which CELLS Make ADJUSTMENTS to input from PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS and REGULATE their ACTIVITY
HORIZONTAL CELLS
73
where is the HIGHEST LEVEL of SPATIAL ACUITY in the eye
MACULA LUTEA of the Retina
74
which part of the RETINA has NO LIGHT SENSITIVE RECEPTOR CELLS
OPTIC DISC - BLIND SPOT
75
which cells allow PHOTOPIC VISION
CONES - activate at HIGH LIGHT LEVELS
76
which Cells cause INHIBITORY FEEDBACK for Photoreceptor cells
HORIZONTAL CELLS
77
LIGHT PATHWAY as it enters the eye:
- PIGMENT EPITHELIUM - RODS / CONES - BIPOLAR CELLS - GANGLION CELLS - Optic Nerve Fibres - OPTIC NERVE - OPTIC CHIASM - OPTIC TRACT -> LATERAL GENICULATE BODY (THALAMUS) -> OPTIC RADIATION -> OCCIPITAL LOBE primary/secondary visual cortex
78
what has an OUTER PIGMENTED LAYER and INNER NEURAL LAYER
The RETINA
79
what part of the eye is AVASCULAR
CORNEA
80
CILLIAR PROCESS attaches to which FIBRES suspending the LENS
ZONAL FIBRES
81
which IRIS MUSCLE is under PARASYMPATHETIC CONTROL
SPHINCTER PUPILLAE - CONSTRICTS eyelids
82
which cells are involved in the REGULATION and INTEGRATION of ACTIVITY in BIPOLAR AND GANGLION CELLS
AMACRINE CELLS
83
which BIPOLAR CELLS are HYPERPOLARISED by LIGHT
those switched OFF
84
what is the FOVEA CENTREALIS
CENTRAL DEPRESSION in the MACULA LUTEA of the Retina
85
what is the THINNEST AREA of the RETINA
MACULA LUTEA
86
which BIPOLAR CELLS are DEPOLARISED by LIGHT
those switched ON - REVERSE the sign of the cone
87
VISUAL AXIS of eye - AXIS of each ORBIT FACES which DIRECTION
ANTEROLATERALLY
88
how many AXIS of the EYE
3
89
the A-P AXIS (anterior-posterior) allows what movement
LATERAL-MEDIAL ROTATION
90
the TRANSVERSE AXIS allows what movement
ELEVATION - DEPRESSION (facing upwards/downwards)
91
the VERTICAL AXIS allows what movement
ABDUCTION-ADDUCTION
92
which EYE AXIS is used for LOOKING UP / DOWN
TRANSVERSE AXIS - Elevation - Depression
93
which EYE AXIS is used for ABDUCTION and ADDUCTION
VERTICAL AXIS
94
which EYE AXIS allows for LATERAL-MEDIAL ROTATION
A-P AXIS

Neurosensory (17 decks)

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