Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neurosensory > 12. Motor III - the Basal Ganglia and Motor Association Cortex > Flashcards

12. Motor III - the Basal Ganglia and Motor Association Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

key regions for HIGHER MOTOR CONTROL are the CEREBELLUM, BASAL GANGLIA and MOTOR ASSOCIATION CORTICES.

what is the role of the CEREBELLUM

A

PRECISION OF ACTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the role of the BASAL GANGLIA

A

to AMPLIFY MOVEMENT
- controls the AMOUNT of movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is BRADYKINESIA

A

TOO LITTLE (or too slow) MOVEMENT

  • fault at BASAL GANGLIA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is DYSKINESIA

A

TOO MUCH MOVEMENT

  • fault at BASAL GANGLIA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the role of the MOTOR ASSOCIATION CORTICES

A

SELECT THE CORRECT ACTION (PRAXIS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

LOSS of FUNCTION of CEREBELLUM:

A

ATAXIA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

LOSS of FUNCTION of BASAL GANGLIA:

A

BRADYKINESIA or DYSKINESIE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

LOSS of FUNCTION of BASAL GANGLIA:

A

BRADYKINESIA or DYSKINESIA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

LOSS of FUNCTION of MOTOR ASSOCIATION CORTICES

A

APRAXIA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

WHERE is the BASAL GANGLIE

A

in the CENTRE of the FOREBRAIN (deep part)

  • ANTERIOR to THALAMUS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

BASAL GANGLIA are …. MATTER STRUCTURES

A

GREY MATTER STRUCTURES

/ a group of NUCLEI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

BASAL GANGLIA GREY MATTER is traversed by WHITE matter creating a STRIPY APPEARANCE known as:

A

CORPUS STRIATUM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

parts of the CORPUS STRIATUM of the BG:

A
  • NEOSTRIATUM : CAUDATE (nucleus) & PUTAMEN
  • GLOBUS PALLIDUS (external and internal)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

BASAL GANGLIA also includes two other parts besides the Corpus Striatum that are not part of the basal ganglia proper (located outside):

A
  • SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS (lower Diencephalon)
  • SUBSTANTIA NIGRA (Midbrain)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

where is the SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS

A

in the LOWER DIENCEPHALON
(area between brainstem and cerebrum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

where is the SUBSTANTIA NIGRA

A

MIDBRAIN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

SUBSTANTIA NIGRA (PARS COMPACTA) consists of BLACK STAINING CELLS. why do they get this black colour

A

BY-PRODUCT of SYNTHESISING their main neurotransmitter : DOPAMINE

18
Q

DOPAMINE is produced in the SUBSTANTIA NIGRA of the BASAL GANGLIA. what does it do?

A

ENAHNCE MOVEMENT / ACTVITY in BASAL GANGLIA of BRAIN

  • have MODULATING EFFECTS (adjust amplification of movement)
  • has role in brains REWARD CENTRE (feeling of reward)
19
Q

LACK OF DOPAMINE (due to loss of dopaminergic cells in Substantia Nigra) results in what disease

A

PARKINSON’S DISEASE

  • with SLOWING of MOVEMENT (BRADYKINESIA) and TREMOR
20
Q

DOPAMINE is what type of NEUROTRANSMITTER

A

AMINE

21
Q

HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE is caused by what

A

ATROPHY / DEGENERATION OF CORPUS STRIATUM

  • causing EXCESSIVE MOVEMENT (DYSKINESIA)
  • LOSS of INHIBITORY EFFECTS on the THALAMUS and CORTEX

Dance-like Dyskinesia in HD is called CHOREA

22
Q

INHIBITORY OUTPUT to the THALAMUS comes from which part of the BASAL GANGLIA

A

GLOBUS PALLIDUS INTERNAL

23
Q

there are both DIRECT and INDIRECT PATHWAYS of the BASAL GANGLIA.

which pathway has a STIMULATORY / EXCITATORY EFFECT on the THALAMUS -> CORTEX

A

DIRECT PATHWAY

SUBSTANTIA NIGRA
-> NEOSTRIATUM
-> GLOBUS PALLIDUS INTERNAL

-> THALAMUS -> CORTEX

(as two negatives make a positive, so two inhibitory effects create excitatory effect)

24
Q

INDIRECT PATHWAY of BASAL GANGLIA has GLOBUS PALLIDUS EXTERNAL after the STRIATUM and before the GLOBUS PALLIDUS INTERNAL so 3 negatives make a … effect

A

INHIBITORY

25
Q

NIGROSTRIATAL PATHWAY starts from the SUBSTANTIA NIGRA to the STRIATUM.
which RECEPTORS does DOPAMINE act on for the DIRECT PATHWAY, POSITIVE NEUROMODULATORY EFFECT

A

D1 RECEPTORS

26
Q

DOPAMINE on D2 RECEPTORS of STRIATUM activate what effect

A

INHIBITORY NEUROMODULATORY EFFECTS

  • INDIRECT PATHWAY

(striatum -> globus pallidus external -> globus pallidus internal)

27
Q

SUBSTANTIA NIGRA of the MIDBRAIN has two parts

A
  • main functional part: PARS COMPACTA
    with DOPAMINERGIC CELLS (tight together)
  • PARS RETICULIS - basic part, network of cells
28
Q

DAMAGE to the SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS in the DIENCEPHALON causes..

A

BALLISMUS

29
Q

THALAMUS is the station for what

A

SENSORY RELAY STATION
&
RELAY STATION of MOTOR FEEDBACK from Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia

30
Q

NEOSTRIATUM consists of 3 functional parts
(1 is small and less important)

A
  • PUTAMEN : MOTOR PROCESSING
  • CAUDATE : PLANNING MOVEMENT & BEHAVIOUR
  • NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS : EMOTIONAL OUTPUT
31
Q

what causes PARKINSON’S DISEASE

A

LACK OF DOPAMINE from SUBSTANTIA NIGRA

32
Q

ATROPHY of … causes HUNTINGTON’S

A

CORPUS STRIATUM of the Basal Ganglia

33
Q

which part of the NEOSTRIATUM is involved in MOTOR PROCESSING

A

PUTAMEN

34
Q

what are the MOTOR ASSOCIATION CORTICES:

A
  • PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX (BA 4)
  • PREMOTOR CORTEX (BA 6)
  • SUPPLEMENTARY MOTOR CORTEX (BA 6)
35
Q

where is the PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX (which brodmann’s area)

A

BA 4

36
Q

where are the PREMOTOR CORTEX and SUPPLEMENTARY MOTOR CORTEX (both premotor cortices)

A

BA 6

Premotor cortex: MEDIAL
Supplementary motor cortex: LATERAL

37
Q

which is the DIFFERENCE between the PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX (BA 4) and PREMOTOR CORTICES (BA 6)

A

PREMOTOR CORTICES (BA 6)
require much STRONGER STIMULI (small stimulus won’t generate movement)
and the triggered movements are MORE COMPLEX

BA 4 only needs a small stimulus and movements are less complex

38
Q

medial parts of BA 6 seem to be crucial in..

Lateral parts of BA 6 seem to be crucial in..

A
  • Medial: IMAGINED, SELF-INITIATED MOVEMENTS
  • Lateral: Movements undertaken in relation to a sensory cue ie light at a particular position
39
Q

when is a MIRROR NEURON Active

A

both when making / planning the movement and when WATCHING THE MOVEMENT (someone doing the movement)

40
Q

MOTOR ASSOCIATION CORTICES are for PRAXIS.

what does PRAXIS refer to

A

range of higher motor functions which involve SELECTION of the CORRECT MOVEMENT

Deficiency: APRAXIA / DYSPRAXIA

41
Q

where are the MOTOR ASSOCIATION CORTICES

A

CORTEX OF FOREBRAIN

Neurosensory (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions