13 Cerebral Cortex

Question 1

PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX in which BRODMANN AREA (medial)

Answer 1

4

Question 2

PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX in which BRODMANN AREA

Answer 2

17

Question 3

what are the 6 LAYERS of the NEOCORTEX (ISOCORTEX) (cortex - outer part of cerebral hemisphere)

Answer 3

1. MOLECULAR
2. EXTERNAL GRANULAR
   3.EXTERNAL PYRAMIDAL
3. INTERNAL GRANULAR
4. INTERNAL PYRAMIDAL
5. POLYMORPHOUS

Question 4

parts of the Cortex with important SENSORY Function have a LARGE LAYER…

Answer 4

4 (INTERNAL GRANULAR)

small Granular cells receive INPUT from the Thalamus
for sensory function

Question 5

parts of the Cortex with important MOTOR Function have a LARGE LAYER…

Answer 5

5 (NTERNAL PYRAMIDAL)

large pyramidal cells are Motor OUTPUT cells

Question 6

which CELLS are PROMINANT in MOTOR CORTICES

Answer 6

PYRAMIDAL

• large
• projecting cells

Question 7

which CELLS are PROMINANT in SENSORY areas

Answer 7

GRANULAR

• small
• projecting fibres from thalamus project with them

Question 8

PRIMARY SENSORIMOTOR CORTICES are the MOTOR and sensory cortices

what are the SENSORY CORTICES

Answer 8

• SOMATOSENSORY (somatotopic, homunculus)
• VISUAL (retinopic)
• AUDITORY (tonotopic)
• OLFACTORY / GUSTATORY

Question 9

which CORTICES are AGRANULAR

Answer 9

MOTOR CORTICES

Question 10

what is the OCCIPITAL LOBE for

Answer 10

VISION
(mainly medial)

Question 11

what is the FRONTAL LOBE for

Answer 11

MOTOR OUTPUT
BEHAVIOUR OUTPUT

Question 12

what is the PARIETAL LOBE for

Answer 12

• SOMATOSENSORY
• VISUO-SPATIAL PROCESSING (WHERE)
• AUDITORY PROCESSING

Question 13

what is the TEMPORAL LOBE for

Answer 13

• AUDITORY
• OLFACTION
• MEMORY
• Analysis of visual objects & non-visual inputs

Question 14

what is APRAXIA

Answer 14

higher order motor dysfunction
LOSS OF ABILITY to SELECT CORRECT MOVEMENT

(fault in motor association cortices)

Question 15

what is AGNOSIA

Answer 15

Higher Order SENSORY Dysfunction
- can sense things but unable to make things out

ie VISUAL AGNOSIA, TACTILE AGNOSIA (cant tell between 2 hands), AUDITORY AGNOSIA, OLFACTORY AGNOSIA

APPERCEPTIVE AGNOSIA or ASSOCIATIVE AGNOSIA (more advanced type)
- problem with perceiving an object as a whole vs problem with understanding what an object is

Question 16

what is APHASIA (aka Dysphaxia)

Answer 16

impairment in LANGUAGE FUNCTION and Cerebral Hemispheres

• WERNICKE’S-type aphasia
• CONDUCTION aphasia
• BROCA-type aphasia

Question 17

LANUAGE COMPONENTS: SOUND (phonology), SEQUENCING (syntax) and MEANING (semantic) come are dependent on the DOMINANT HEMISPHERE (LEFT in majority of people)

NON-LINGUISTICS COMPONENTS / PROSODY ie EMOTION, INFLECTION, CADENCE come from which hemisphere?

Answer 17

BOTH

Question 18

ALEXIA is a DISORDER of…

Answer 18

READING

Question 19

AGRAPHIA is the DISORDER of…

Answer 19

WRITING

Question 20

BROCA’S AREA

what is it for?
where is it found

Answer 20

SPEECH OUTPUT

FRONTAL LOBE

Question 21

WERNICKE’S AREA

what is it for?
where is it found

Answer 21

PROCESSING SOUND

TEMPORAL / PARIETAL

Question 22

PRIMARY AUDITORY AREA is found where

Answer 22

TEMPORAL LOBE

Question 23

which ARTERY supplies both WERNICKE’S and BROCA’S AREA

Answer 23

MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY

upper branch: Wernicke’s
lower branch: Broca’s

Question 24

in both LEFT and RIGHT HANDERS which hemisphere does LANGAUGE come from

Answer 24

LEFT

Question 25

HIPPOCAMPUS is the INNER PART of which LOBE

Answer 25

TEMPORAL LOBE

Question 26

what is considered to be the Epicentre of EMOTIONAL and BEHAVIOURAL EXPRESSION

Answer 26

the LIMBIC SYSTEM

Question 27

the LIMBIC SYSTEM has 2 groups - CORTICAL and SUBCORTICAL Component. what is in the CORTICAL Component of the Limbic System? (known as LIMBIC LOBE)

Answer 27

- Neocortex - Orbital Frontal Cortex - HIPPOCAMPUS - INSULAR CORTEX - CINGULATE GYRUS - Subcallosal Gyrus - PARAHIPPOCAMPAL Gyrus

Question 28

what is in the SUBCORTICAL Component of the LIMBIC SYSTEM (works in conjunction with limbic lobe)

Answer 28

- AMYGDALA - Olfactory Bulb - Septal Nuclei - HYPOTHALAMUS - Anterior and Dorsomedial NUCLEI of THALAMUS

Question 29

what is the HIPPOCAMPUS RESPONSIBLE for

Answer 29

MEMORY - key component of the CIRCUIT of the INNER LIMIT 'LIMB' of the FOREBRAIN with serial excitatory projections that create DELAYED EFFECTS on SYNAPTIC CONNECTIONS (memory)

Question 30

CIRCUIT OF PAPEZ (memory) HIPPOCAMPUS OUTPUT to the .... via which Fibres?

Answer 30

FORNIX - via FIMBRIA

Question 31

CIRCUIT OF PAPEZ starting and ending at HIPPOCAMOUS describe the order of the circuit

Answer 31

1.HIPPOCAMPUS -> Fimbria -> 2. FORNIX (crus, body, column) 3. MAMMILLARY BODY (HYPOTHALAMUS) 4. THALAMUS - ANTERIOR NUCLEUS 5. CINGULATE GYRUS cortex -> as CINGULUM -> 6. PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS 7. back to HIPPOCAMPUS

Question 32

CIRCUIT OF PAPEZ where is after the FORNIX (column)

Answer 32

MAMILLARY BODY in Hypothalamus / Diencephalon

Question 33

CIRCUIT OF PAPEZ where is after the THALAMUS

Answer 33

CINGULATE GYRUS

Question 34

CIRCUIT OF PAPEZ what is CINGULUM

Answer 34

WHITE MATTER Bundle that projects around as part of Parahippocampal Gyrus (coming from Cingulate gyrus)

Question 35

a LESION anywhere in the CIRCUIT OF PAPEZ leads to what

Answer 35

AMNESIA (Anterograde) - LOSS of ability to MAKE NEW MEMORY Alzheimer's disease or surgery at the hippocampus have similar effects to destruction of the mammillary body

Question 36

describe what LONG TERM POTENTIATION is in making new MEMORY

Answer 36

when 3 EXCITATORY SYNAPSES FIRE AT THE SAME TIME - CA3, DG, CA1 projection from parahippocampal gyrus (cornu ammonis 3, dentate gyrus, cornu ammonis 1) excitatory TRISYNAPTIC arrangement crucial to development of delayed effects in neural membranes and synapes - STRENGTHENS these SYNAPSES

Question 37

LONG TERM POTENTIATION - EXCITATORY TRISYNAPTIC Firing uses which RECEPTOR? and what is it ACTIVATED by?

Answer 37

NMDA RECEPTOR activated by GLUTAMATE

Question 38

LONG TERM POTENTIATION - what is there INFLUX of for memory

Answer 38

CA2+

Question 39

LONG TERM POTENTIATION ACTIVATING molecule?

Answer 39

GLUTAMATE on NMDA Receptors

Question 40

what are the AMYGDALA and what do they do

Answer 40

cluster of almond-shaped cells located near the Base of the brain - 1 in each hemisphere - help define and regulate EMOTIONS and retrieve EMOTIONAL MEMORY - FEAR

Question 41

MAIN FUNCTION of the LIMBIC SYSTEM? what was it thought to be previously

Answer 41

MEMORY (previously thought to be emotion)

Question 42

HYPOTHALAMUS is one of the main parts of the..

Answer 42

DIENCEPHALON (Between Cerebrum and the Brain Stem)

Question 43

HYPOTHALAMUS bilaterally forms the LOWER part and SIDES of which VENTRICLE

Answer 43

3RD VENTRICLE

Question 44

EPITHALAMUS is mainly the...

Answer 44

PINEAL GLAND

Question 45

what are CIRCUMVENTRICULAR ORGANS

Answer 45

where there are GAPS in the normal BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER - Modified so bits of the HYPOTHALAMUS can pick up whats happening in the INTERIOR of the BODY function in ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Question 46

LESIONS in HYPOTHALAMUS can cause ABNORMAL..

Answer 46

- SATIEY - THERMOREGULATION

Question 47

BRAINSTEM consists of which function pathways (ascending or descending)

Answer 47

ASCENDING PATHWAYS

Question 48

DOPAMINE - for MOTIVATION, REWARD - SECRETED from where

Answer 48

SUBSTANTIA NIGRA and VENTAL TEGMENTUM of MIDBRAIN

Question 49

NORADRENALINE - for MOOD, AROUSAL, ATTENTION to new stimuli - SECRETED from where in BRAINSTEM

Answer 49

LOCUS CERULEUS of PONS

Question 50

SEROTONIN - for MOOD, continuous ATTENTION- SECRETED from where in BRAINSTEM

Answer 50

RAPHE NUCLEI of RETICULAR FORMATION

Question 51

ACETYLCHOLINE - for AROUSAL, ATTENTIVENESS, REM sleep - SECRETED from where in BRAINSTEM

Answer 51

PONTINE TEGMENTUM and n.basalis of MEYNERT (BASAL FOREBRAIN)

Question 52

which lobe has a ‘WHAT’ pathway

Answer 52

TEMPORAL

Question 53

Which lobe has a ‘WHERE?’ pathway

Answer 53

PARIETAL (visuo-spatial processing)