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Neurosensory > 13 Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

13 Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX in which BRODMANN AREA (medial)

A

4

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2
Q

PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX in which BRODMANN AREA

A

17

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3
Q

what are the 6 LAYERS of the NEOCORTEX (ISOCORTEX) (cortex - outer part of cerebral hemisphere)

A
  1. MOLECULAR
  2. EXTERNAL GRANULAR
    3.EXTERNAL PYRAMIDAL
  3. INTERNAL GRANULAR
  4. INTERNAL PYRAMIDAL
  5. POLYMORPHOUS
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4
Q

parts of the Cortex with important SENSORY Function have a LARGE LAYER…

A

4 (INTERNAL GRANULAR)

small Granular cells receive INPUT from the Thalamus
for sensory function

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5
Q

parts of the Cortex with important MOTOR Function have a LARGE LAYER…

A

5 (NTERNAL PYRAMIDAL)

large pyramidal cells are Motor OUTPUT cells

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6
Q

which CELLS are PROMINANT in MOTOR CORTICES

A

PYRAMIDAL

  • large
  • projecting cells
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7
Q

which CELLS are PROMINANT in SENSORY areas

A

GRANULAR

  • small
  • projecting fibres from thalamus project with them
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8
Q

PRIMARY SENSORIMOTOR CORTICES are the MOTOR and sensory cortices

what are the SENSORY CORTICES

A
  • SOMATOSENSORY (somatotopic, homunculus)
  • VISUAL (retinopic)
  • AUDITORY (tonotopic)
  • OLFACTORY / GUSTATORY
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9
Q

which CORTICES are AGRANULAR

A

MOTOR CORTICES

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10
Q

what is the OCCIPITAL LOBE for

A

VISION
(mainly medial)

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11
Q

what is the FRONTAL LOBE for

A

MOTOR OUTPUT
BEHAVIOUR OUTPUT

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12
Q

what is the PARIETAL LOBE for

A
  • SOMATOSENSORY
  • VISUO-SPATIAL PROCESSING (WHERE)
  • AUDITORY PROCESSING
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13
Q

what is the TEMPORAL LOBE for

A
  • AUDITORY
  • OLFACTION
  • MEMORY
  • Analysis of visual objects & non-visual inputs
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14
Q

what is APRAXIA

A

higher order motor dysfunction
LOSS OF ABILITY to SELECT CORRECT MOVEMENT

(fault in motor association cortices)

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15
Q

what is AGNOSIA

A

Higher Order SENSORY Dysfunction
- can sense things but unable to make things out

ie VISUAL AGNOSIA, TACTILE AGNOSIA (cant tell between 2 hands), AUDITORY AGNOSIA, OLFACTORY AGNOSIA

APPERCEPTIVE AGNOSIA or ASSOCIATIVE AGNOSIA (more advanced type)
- problem with perceiving an object as a whole vs problem with understanding what an object is

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16
Q

what is APHASIA (aka Dysphaxia)

A

impairment in LANGUAGE FUNCTION and Cerebral Hemispheres

  • WERNICKE’S-type aphasia
  • CONDUCTION aphasia
  • BROCA-type aphasia
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17
Q

LANUAGE COMPONENTS: SOUND (phonology), SEQUENCING (syntax) and MEANING (semantic) come are dependent on the DOMINANT HEMISPHERE (LEFT in majority of people)

NON-LINGUISTICS COMPONENTS / PROSODY ie EMOTION, INFLECTION, CADENCE come from which hemisphere?

A

BOTH

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18
Q

ALEXIA is a DISORDER of…

A

READING

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19
Q

AGRAPHIA is the DISORDER of…

A

WRITING

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20
Q

BROCA’S AREA

what is it for?
where is it found

A

SPEECH OUTPUT

FRONTAL LOBE

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21
Q

WERNICKE’S AREA

what is it for?
where is it found

A

PROCESSING SOUND

TEMPORAL / PARIETAL

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22
Q

PRIMARY AUDITORY AREA is found where

A

TEMPORAL LOBE

23
Q

which ARTERY supplies both WERNICKE’S and BROCA’S AREA

A

MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY

upper branch: Wernicke’s
lower branch: Broca’s

24
Q

in both LEFT and RIGHT HANDERS which hemisphere does LANGAUGE come from

A

LEFT

25
Q

HIPPOCAMPUS is the INNER PART of which LOBE

A

TEMPORAL LOBE

26
Q

what is considered to be the Epicentre of EMOTIONAL and BEHAVIOURAL EXPRESSION

A

the LIMBIC SYSTEM

27
Q

the LIMBIC SYSTEM has 2 groups
- CORTICAL and SUBCORTICAL Component.

what is in the CORTICAL Component of the Limbic System?
(known as LIMBIC LOBE)

A
  • Neocortex
  • Orbital Frontal Cortex
  • HIPPOCAMPUS
  • INSULAR CORTEX
  • CINGULATE GYRUS
  • Subcallosal Gyrus
  • PARAHIPPOCAMPAL Gyrus
28
Q

what is in the SUBCORTICAL Component of the LIMBIC SYSTEM
(works in conjunction with limbic lobe)

A
  • AMYGDALA
  • Olfactory Bulb
  • Septal Nuclei
  • HYPOTHALAMUS
  • Anterior and Dorsomedial NUCLEI of THALAMUS
29
Q

what is the HIPPOCAMPUS RESPONSIBLE for

A

MEMORY

  • key component of the CIRCUIT of the INNER LIMIT ‘LIMB’ of the FOREBRAIN
    with serial excitatory projections
    that create DELAYED EFFECTS on SYNAPTIC CONNECTIONS (memory)
30
Q

CIRCUIT OF PAPEZ (memory)
HIPPOCAMPUS OUTPUT to the ….

via which Fibres?

A

FORNIX

  • via FIMBRIA
31
Q

CIRCUIT OF PAPEZ

starting and ending at HIPPOCAMOUS describe the order of the circuit

A

1.HIPPOCAMPUS

-> Fimbria ->

  1. FORNIX (crus, body, column)
  2. MAMMILLARY BODY (HYPOTHALAMUS)
  3. THALAMUS - ANTERIOR NUCLEUS
  4. CINGULATE GYRUS cortex

-> as CINGULUM ->

  1. PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS
  2. back to HIPPOCAMPUS
32
Q

CIRCUIT OF PAPEZ

where is after the FORNIX (column)

A

MAMILLARY BODY in Hypothalamus / Diencephalon

33
Q

CIRCUIT OF PAPEZ

where is after the THALAMUS

A

CINGULATE GYRUS

34
Q

CIRCUIT OF PAPEZ

what is CINGULUM

A

WHITE MATTER Bundle that projects around as part of Parahippocampal Gyrus
(coming from Cingulate gyrus)

35
Q

a LESION anywhere in the CIRCUIT OF PAPEZ leads to what

A

AMNESIA (Anterograde) - LOSS of ability to MAKE NEW MEMORY

Alzheimer’s disease or surgery at the hippocampus have similar effects to destruction of the mammillary body

36
Q

describe what LONG TERM POTENTIATION is in making new MEMORY

A

when 3 EXCITATORY SYNAPSES FIRE AT THE SAME TIME
- CA3, DG, CA1 projection from parahippocampal gyrus
(cornu ammonis 3, dentate gyrus, cornu ammonis 1)

excitatory TRISYNAPTIC arrangement crucial to development of delayed effects in neural membranes and synapes
- STRENGTHENS these SYNAPSES

37
Q

LONG TERM POTENTIATION - EXCITATORY TRISYNAPTIC Firing uses which RECEPTOR?
and what is it ACTIVATED by?

A

NMDA RECEPTOR

activated by GLUTAMATE

38
Q

LONG TERM POTENTIATION - what is there INFLUX of for memory

A

CA2+

39
Q

LONG TERM POTENTIATION

ACTIVATING molecule?

A

GLUTAMATE on NMDA Receptors

40
Q

what are the AMYGDALA and what do they do

A

cluster of almond-shaped cells located near the Base of the brain - 1 in each hemisphere

  • help define and regulate EMOTIONS and retrieve EMOTIONAL MEMORY
  • FEAR
41
Q

MAIN FUNCTION of the LIMBIC SYSTEM?

what was it thought to be previously

A

MEMORY

(previously thought to be emotion)

42
Q

HYPOTHALAMUS is one of the main parts of the..

A

DIENCEPHALON
(Between Cerebrum and the Brain Stem)

43
Q

HYPOTHALAMUS bilaterally forms the LOWER part and SIDES of which VENTRICLE

A

3RD VENTRICLE

44
Q

EPITHALAMUS is mainly the…

A

PINEAL GLAND

45
Q

what are CIRCUMVENTRICULAR ORGANS

A

where there are GAPS in the normal BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER

  • Modified so bits of the HYPOTHALAMUS can pick up whats happening in the INTERIOR of the BODY
    function in ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
46
Q

LESIONS in HYPOTHALAMUS can cause ABNORMAL..

A
  • SATIEY
  • THERMOREGULATION
47
Q

BRAINSTEM consists of which function pathways (ascending or descending)

A

ASCENDING PATHWAYS

48
Q

DOPAMINE - for MOTIVATION, REWARD - SECRETED from where

A

SUBSTANTIA NIGRA
and VENTAL TEGMENTUM of MIDBRAIN

49
Q

NORADRENALINE - for MOOD, AROUSAL, ATTENTION to new stimuli - SECRETED from where in BRAINSTEM

A

LOCUS CERULEUS of PONS

50
Q

SEROTONIN - for MOOD, continuous ATTENTION- SECRETED from where in BRAINSTEM

A

RAPHE NUCLEI of RETICULAR FORMATION

51
Q

ACETYLCHOLINE - for AROUSAL, ATTENTIVENESS, REM sleep - SECRETED from where in BRAINSTEM

A

PONTINE TEGMENTUM and n.basalis of MEYNERT (BASAL FOREBRAIN)

52
Q

which lobe has a ‘WHAT’ pathway

A

TEMPORAL

53
Q

Which lobe has a ‘WHERE?’ pathway

A

PARIETAL
(visuo-spatial processing)

Neurosensory (17 decks)

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