13 Cerebral Cortex Flashcards
PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX in which BRODMANN AREA (medial)
4
PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX in which BRODMANN AREA
17
what are the 6 LAYERS of the NEOCORTEX (ISOCORTEX) (cortex - outer part of cerebral hemisphere)
- MOLECULAR
- EXTERNAL GRANULAR
3.EXTERNAL PYRAMIDAL - INTERNAL GRANULAR
- INTERNAL PYRAMIDAL
- POLYMORPHOUS
parts of the Cortex with important SENSORY Function have a LARGE LAYER…
4 (INTERNAL GRANULAR)
small Granular cells receive INPUT from the Thalamus
for sensory function
parts of the Cortex with important MOTOR Function have a LARGE LAYER…
5 (NTERNAL PYRAMIDAL)
large pyramidal cells are Motor OUTPUT cells
which CELLS are PROMINANT in MOTOR CORTICES
PYRAMIDAL
- large
- projecting cells
which CELLS are PROMINANT in SENSORY areas
GRANULAR
- small
- projecting fibres from thalamus project with them
PRIMARY SENSORIMOTOR CORTICES are the MOTOR and sensory cortices
what are the SENSORY CORTICES
- SOMATOSENSORY (somatotopic, homunculus)
- VISUAL (retinopic)
- AUDITORY (tonotopic)
- OLFACTORY / GUSTATORY
which CORTICES are AGRANULAR
MOTOR CORTICES
what is the OCCIPITAL LOBE for
VISION
(mainly medial)
what is the FRONTAL LOBE for
MOTOR OUTPUT
BEHAVIOUR OUTPUT
what is the PARIETAL LOBE for
- SOMATOSENSORY
- VISUO-SPATIAL PROCESSING (WHERE)
- AUDITORY PROCESSING
what is the TEMPORAL LOBE for
- AUDITORY
- OLFACTION
- MEMORY
- Analysis of visual objects & non-visual inputs
what is APRAXIA
higher order motor dysfunction
LOSS OF ABILITY to SELECT CORRECT MOVEMENT
(fault in motor association cortices)
what is AGNOSIA
Higher Order SENSORY Dysfunction
- can sense things but unable to make things out
ie VISUAL AGNOSIA, TACTILE AGNOSIA (cant tell between 2 hands), AUDITORY AGNOSIA, OLFACTORY AGNOSIA
APPERCEPTIVE AGNOSIA or ASSOCIATIVE AGNOSIA (more advanced type)
- problem with perceiving an object as a whole vs problem with understanding what an object is
what is APHASIA (aka Dysphaxia)
impairment in LANGUAGE FUNCTION and Cerebral Hemispheres
- WERNICKE’S-type aphasia
- CONDUCTION aphasia
- BROCA-type aphasia
LANUAGE COMPONENTS: SOUND (phonology), SEQUENCING (syntax) and MEANING (semantic) come are dependent on the DOMINANT HEMISPHERE (LEFT in majority of people)
NON-LINGUISTICS COMPONENTS / PROSODY ie EMOTION, INFLECTION, CADENCE come from which hemisphere?
BOTH
ALEXIA is a DISORDER of…
READING
AGRAPHIA is the DISORDER of…
WRITING
BROCA’S AREA
what is it for?
where is it found
SPEECH OUTPUT
FRONTAL LOBE
WERNICKE’S AREA
what is it for?
where is it found
PROCESSING SOUND
TEMPORAL / PARIETAL
PRIMARY AUDITORY AREA is found where
TEMPORAL LOBE
which ARTERY supplies both WERNICKE’S and BROCA’S AREA
MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY
upper branch: Wernicke’s
lower branch: Broca’s
in both LEFT and RIGHT HANDERS which hemisphere does LANGAUGE come from
LEFT
HIPPOCAMPUS is the INNER PART of which LOBE
TEMPORAL LOBE
what is considered to be the Epicentre of EMOTIONAL and BEHAVIOURAL EXPRESSION
the LIMBIC SYSTEM
the LIMBIC SYSTEM has 2 groups
- CORTICAL and SUBCORTICAL Component.
what is in the CORTICAL Component of the Limbic System?
(known as LIMBIC LOBE)
- Neocortex
- Orbital Frontal Cortex
- HIPPOCAMPUS
- INSULAR CORTEX
- CINGULATE GYRUS
- Subcallosal Gyrus
- PARAHIPPOCAMPAL Gyrus
what is in the SUBCORTICAL Component of the LIMBIC SYSTEM
(works in conjunction with limbic lobe)
- AMYGDALA
- Olfactory Bulb
- Septal Nuclei
- HYPOTHALAMUS
- Anterior and Dorsomedial NUCLEI of THALAMUS
what is the HIPPOCAMPUS RESPONSIBLE for
MEMORY
- key component of the CIRCUIT of the INNER LIMIT ‘LIMB’ of the FOREBRAIN
with serial excitatory projections
that create DELAYED EFFECTS on SYNAPTIC CONNECTIONS (memory)
CIRCUIT OF PAPEZ (memory)
HIPPOCAMPUS OUTPUT to the ….
via which Fibres?
FORNIX
- via FIMBRIA
CIRCUIT OF PAPEZ
starting and ending at HIPPOCAMOUS describe the order of the circuit
1.HIPPOCAMPUS
-> Fimbria ->
- FORNIX (crus, body, column)
- MAMMILLARY BODY (HYPOTHALAMUS)
- THALAMUS - ANTERIOR NUCLEUS
- CINGULATE GYRUS cortex
-> as CINGULUM ->
- PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS
- back to HIPPOCAMPUS
CIRCUIT OF PAPEZ
where is after the FORNIX (column)
MAMILLARY BODY in Hypothalamus / Diencephalon
CIRCUIT OF PAPEZ
where is after the THALAMUS
CINGULATE GYRUS
CIRCUIT OF PAPEZ
what is CINGULUM
WHITE MATTER Bundle that projects around as part of Parahippocampal Gyrus
(coming from Cingulate gyrus)
a LESION anywhere in the CIRCUIT OF PAPEZ leads to what
AMNESIA (Anterograde) - LOSS of ability to MAKE NEW MEMORY
Alzheimer’s disease or surgery at the hippocampus have similar effects to destruction of the mammillary body
describe what LONG TERM POTENTIATION is in making new MEMORY
when 3 EXCITATORY SYNAPSES FIRE AT THE SAME TIME
- CA3, DG, CA1 projection from parahippocampal gyrus
(cornu ammonis 3, dentate gyrus, cornu ammonis 1)
excitatory TRISYNAPTIC arrangement crucial to development of delayed effects in neural membranes and synapes
- STRENGTHENS these SYNAPSES
LONG TERM POTENTIATION - EXCITATORY TRISYNAPTIC Firing uses which RECEPTOR?
and what is it ACTIVATED by?
NMDA RECEPTOR
activated by GLUTAMATE
LONG TERM POTENTIATION - what is there INFLUX of for memory
CA2+
LONG TERM POTENTIATION
ACTIVATING molecule?
GLUTAMATE on NMDA Receptors
what are the AMYGDALA and what do they do
cluster of almond-shaped cells located near the Base of the brain - 1 in each hemisphere
- help define and regulate EMOTIONS and retrieve EMOTIONAL MEMORY
- FEAR
MAIN FUNCTION of the LIMBIC SYSTEM?
what was it thought to be previously
MEMORY
(previously thought to be emotion)
HYPOTHALAMUS is one of the main parts of the..
DIENCEPHALON
(Between Cerebrum and the Brain Stem)
HYPOTHALAMUS bilaterally forms the LOWER part and SIDES of which VENTRICLE
3RD VENTRICLE
EPITHALAMUS is mainly the…
PINEAL GLAND
what are CIRCUMVENTRICULAR ORGANS
where there are GAPS in the normal BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER
- Modified so bits of the HYPOTHALAMUS can pick up whats happening in the INTERIOR of the BODY
function in ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
LESIONS in HYPOTHALAMUS can cause ABNORMAL..
- SATIEY
- THERMOREGULATION
BRAINSTEM consists of which function pathways (ascending or descending)
ASCENDING PATHWAYS
DOPAMINE - for MOTIVATION, REWARD - SECRETED from where
SUBSTANTIA NIGRA
and VENTAL TEGMENTUM of MIDBRAIN
NORADRENALINE - for MOOD, AROUSAL, ATTENTION to new stimuli - SECRETED from where in BRAINSTEM
LOCUS CERULEUS of PONS
SEROTONIN - for MOOD, continuous ATTENTION- SECRETED from where in BRAINSTEM
RAPHE NUCLEI of RETICULAR FORMATION
ACETYLCHOLINE - for AROUSAL, ATTENTIVENESS, REM sleep - SECRETED from where in BRAINSTEM
PONTINE TEGMENTUM and n.basalis of MEYNERT (BASAL FOREBRAIN)
which lobe has a ‘WHAT’ pathway
TEMPORAL
Which lobe has a ‘WHERE?’ pathway
PARIETAL
(visuo-spatial processing)
