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3. Development of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous System is DERIVED from which germ layer

A

ECTODERM

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2
Q

the BLASTOCYST gives rise to the BILAMINAR DISC (EPIBLAST & HYPOBLAST) with the formation of fluid-filled AMNION and PRIMARY YOLK SAC by DAY…

A

DAY 8

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3
Q

on which DAY does the PRIMITIVE STREAK become MESODERM, ENDODERM, ECTODERM (tri-laminar disc)

(embryo trilaminar except at the area of the primitive mouth and at the cloaca)

A

DAY 15

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4
Q

how is the NOTOCHORDAL PROCESS formed

A

ROSTRAL (front) part of PRIMITIVE STREAK INVAGINATES to give the PRIMITIVE PIT which EXTENDS ROSTRALLY (anteriorly) with the cells that form the pit

  • becoming Notochordal Process
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5
Q

NOTOCHORDAL PROCESS undergoes FUSION with the ENDODERM but then REFORMS as the…

A

NOTOCHORD - which is MESODERMAL

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6
Q

from DAY 18 what does the NOTOCHORD (mesoderm) do

A

releases CHEMICALS that cause INDUCTION of the overlying ECTODERM to INFOLD
- to form the NEURAL PLATE

-> neural groove -> neural folds – (fuse) -> neural tube

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7
Q

NEURAL PLATE is INDUCED in the ectoderm by the ..

A

NOTOCHORD (just below)

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8
Q

which CELLS of the NERVOUS SYSTEM are (not) DERIVED from the NEURAL TUBE

A

ALL NEURONES
all GLIA (EXCEPT MICROGLIA)

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9
Q

CELLS that DETACH from the NEURAL TUBE (‘pinched off’) are the

A

NEURAL CREST

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10
Q

NEURAL CREST CELLS give rise to..

A

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM and SCHWANN CELLS

& MENINGES, other specialised cells ie cells of ADRENAL MEDULLA and cutaneous MELANOCYTES in skin

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11
Q

OPEN ENDS of the NEURAL TUBE are the …

when do they CLOSE

A

ROSTRAL and CAUDAL NEUROPORES

ROSTRAL/ CRANIAL (anterior) : DAY 25
CAUDAL (posterior): DAY 28

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12
Q

BRAIN comes from dramatic Elaboration of the…

A

ROSTRAL (CRANIAL) part of the NEURAL TUBE

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13
Q

when do we have 3 PRIMARY BRAIN VESICLES

A

by END OF 4TH WEEK

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14
Q

when do we have 5 SECONDARY BRAIN VESICLES

A

5TH WEEK

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15
Q

what causes the Mouth to be anterior/ at the front and the brain to be at the top / superior in the body

A

FLEXURES of the embryo

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16
Q

3 PRIMARY BRAIN VESICLES are:

A
  • PROSENCEPHALON
  • MESENCEPHALON
  • RHOMBENCEPHALON
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17
Q

5 SECONDARY BRAIN VESICLES are:

(week 5)

A
  • TELENCEPHALON (cerebrum)
  • DIENCEPHALON (thalamus, hypothalamus …)
  • MESENCEPHALON (midbrain)
  • METENCEPHALON (pons, cerebellum)
  • MYELENCEPHALON (medulla)
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18
Q

BRAIN VESICLES are EXPANSIONS at the …. END of the NEURAL TUBE

A

ROSTRAL END (cranial)

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19
Q

PROSENCEPHALON divides into which SECONDARY BRAIN VESICLES

A

TELENCEPHALON (cerebrum) & DIENCEPHALON (-thalamus)

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20
Q

RHOMBENCEPHALON divides into which SECONDARY BRAIN VESICLES

A

METENCEPHALON (pons, cerebellum) & MYELENCEPHALON (medulla)

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21
Q

which BRAIN VESICLE forms the MIDBRAIN of the BRAIN STEM

A

MESENCEPHALON

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22
Q

which BRAIN VESICLE forms the CEREBELLUM

A

METENCEPHALON

23
Q

which BRAIN VESICLE forms the CEREBRUM

A

TELENCEPHALON

24
Q

which BRAIN VESICLE forms the MEDULLA of the BRAINSTEM

A

MYELENCEPHALON

25
which BRAIN VESICLE forms the THALAMUS & HYPOTHALAMUS etc
DIENCEPHALON
26
which BRAIN VESICLE forms the PONS of the BRAIN STEM
METENCEPHALON
27
how is the SPINAL CORD in relation to the SKELETAL SPINAL COLUMN
OUTGROWN by it as SPINAL CORD IS NOT AS LONG SPINAL CORD ENDS AT L1 CAUDA EQUINA continues after it
28
what part of the SPINAL CORD is MOST SIMILAR to the early NEURAL TUBE
CENTRAL GREY MATTER (myelencephalon)
29
what part of the BRAIN is MOST SIMILAR to the early NEURAL TUBE
PERIAQUEDUCTAL GREY of MIDBRAIN (mesencephalon)
30
at what VERTEBRAL LEVEL does the SPINAL CORD END
L1
31
KEY STEP in CEREBRAL CORTEX DEVELOPMENT
NEURONAL MIGRATION
32
NEURONAL MIGRATION where do they MIGRATE to and from
From VENTRICULAR ZONE extend across ventricular surface (inner) to the outer CORTEX / CORTICAL PLATE
33
what does NEURONAL MIGRATION do
INCREASES SURFACE AREA
34
what are KEY CELLS needed for the MIGRATION of NEURONS and for DEVELOPMENT of CEREBRAL CORTEX
RADIAL GLIAL CELLS
35
steps in neural development
1. NEURULATION (formation of neural tube from neural plate) 2. NEURONAL PROLIFERATION 3. NEURAL MIGRATION 3. MYELINATION (until early adulthood) (forming myelin on axons for faster signals) also starting from migration: SYNAPTOGENESIS APOPTOSIS
36
what is SYNAPTOGENESIS
FORMATION of CONNECTIONS BETWEEN NEURONAL CELLS
37
which NEURONAL CELLS undergo APOPTOSIS
those that DON'T HAVE the right / SUCCESSFUL CONNECTIONS
38
which CHEMICAL / TROPHIC FACTOR allows neuronal cells with certain CONNECTIONS to SURVIVE / PERSIST and NOT UNDERGO APOPTOSIS
NGF - NERVE GROWTH FACTOR results in 'pruning' of neural branches
39
which MORPHOGENS (Proteins) from the NOTOCHORD INDUCE the OVERLYING ECTODERM to become NEURAL CREST CELLS (neural PRECURSOR cells) and NOT form EPIDERMIS (which would happen due to BMP4)
CHORDIN & NOGGIN
40
what PROTEIN from the NOTOCHORD INDUCES the VENTRAL/BASAL part of NEURAL TUBE to develop characteristics of MOTOR NEURONES and the DORSAL/ALAR Cells to develop characteristics of SENSORY NEURONES
SONIC HEDGEHOG (SHH)
41
role of NOTOCHORD
INDUCTION of ECTODERM above by release of proteins/chemicals
42
which part of NEURAL TUBE will become SENSORY due to SONIC HEDGEHOG INDUCTION
DORSAL / ALAR (posterior)
43
which part of NEURAL TUBE will become MOTOR due to SONIC HEDGEHOG INDUCTION
VENTRAL / BASAL
44
what does NGF do
ALLOWS NEURAL CELLS with correct CONNECTIONS to SURVIVE - NOT APOPTOSED Trophic Factor
45
what do CHORDIN & NOGGIN do
INDUCE ECTODERM to FORM NEURAL CREST CELLS (which are neural PRECURSORS) and NOT FORM EPIDERMIS
46
lack of NGF would mean
NO APOPTOSIS of FAULTY NEURAL CELLS in development
47
lack of CHORDIN & NOGGIN would mean
OVERLYING ECTODERM would become EPIDERMIS (instead of CREST CELLS)
48
what causes DORSAL ROOT to be SENSORY and VENTRAL ROOT to be MOTOR in spinal nerves
SONIC HEDGEHOG (shh)
49
LATERAL VENTRICLES come from which BRAIN VESICLE
TELENCEPHALON
50
3RD VENTRICLE from which secondary brain VESICLE
DIELENCEPHALON
51
CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT from which brain VESICLE
MESENCEPHALON
52
UPPER PART of 4TH VENTRICLE from which brain VESICLE
METENCEPHALON
53
LOWER PART of 4TH VENTRICLE from which VESICLE
MYELENCEPHALON

Neurosensory (17 decks)

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