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Neurosensory > 3. Development of the Nervous System > Flashcards

3. Development of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous System is DERIVED from which germ layer

A

ECTODERM

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2
Q

the BLASTOCYST gives rise to the BILAMINAR DISC (EPIBLAST & HYPOBLAST) with the formation of fluid-filled AMNION and PRIMARY YOLK SAC by DAY…

A

DAY 8

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3
Q

on which DAY does the PRIMITIVE STREAK become MESODERM, ENDODERM, ECTODERM (tri-laminar disc)

(embryo trilaminar except at the area of the primitive mouth and at the cloaca)

A

DAY 15

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4
Q

how is the NOTOCHORDAL PROCESS formed

A

ROSTRAL (front) part of PRIMITIVE STREAK INVAGINATES to give the PRIMITIVE PIT which EXTENDS ROSTRALLY (anteriorly) with the cells that form the pit

  • becoming Notochordal Process
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5
Q

NOTOCHORDAL PROCESS undergoes FUSION with the ENDODERM but then REFORMS as the…

A

NOTOCHORD - which is MESODERMAL

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6
Q

from DAY 18 what does the NOTOCHORD (mesoderm) do

A

releases CHEMICALS that cause INDUCTION of the overlying ECTODERM to INFOLD
- to form the NEURAL PLATE

-> neural groove -> neural folds – (fuse) -> neural tube

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7
Q

NEURAL PLATE is INDUCED in the ectoderm by the ..

A

NOTOCHORD (just below)

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8
Q

which CELLS of the NERVOUS SYSTEM are (not) DERIVED from the NEURAL TUBE

A

ALL NEURONES
all GLIA (EXCEPT MICROGLIA)

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9
Q

CELLS that DETACH from the NEURAL TUBE (‘pinched off’) are the

A

NEURAL CREST

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10
Q

NEURAL CREST CELLS give rise to..

A

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM and SCHWANN CELLS

& MENINGES, other specialised cells ie cells of ADRENAL MEDULLA and cutaneous MELANOCYTES in skin

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11
Q

OPEN ENDS of the NEURAL TUBE are the …

when do they CLOSE

A

ROSTRAL and CAUDAL NEUROPORES

ROSTRAL/ CRANIAL (anterior) : DAY 25
CAUDAL (posterior): DAY 28

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12
Q

BRAIN comes from dramatic Elaboration of the…

A

ROSTRAL (CRANIAL) part of the NEURAL TUBE

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13
Q

when do we have 3 PRIMARY BRAIN VESICLES

A

by END OF 4TH WEEK

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14
Q

when do we have 5 SECONDARY BRAIN VESICLES

A

5TH WEEK

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15
Q

what causes the Mouth to be anterior/ at the front and the brain to be at the top / superior in the body

A

FLEXURES of the embryo

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16
Q

3 PRIMARY BRAIN VESICLES are:

A
  • PROSENCEPHALON
  • MESENCEPHALON
  • RHOMBENCEPHALON
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17
Q

5 SECONDARY BRAIN VESICLES are:

(week 5)

A
  • TELENCEPHALON (cerebrum)
  • DIENCEPHALON (thalamus, hypothalamus …)
  • MESENCEPHALON (midbrain)
  • METENCEPHALON (pons, cerebellum)
  • MYELENCEPHALON (medulla)
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18
Q

BRAIN VESICLES are EXPANSIONS at the …. END of the NEURAL TUBE

A

ROSTRAL END (cranial)

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19
Q

PROSENCEPHALON divides into which SECONDARY BRAIN VESICLES

A

TELENCEPHALON (cerebrum) & DIENCEPHALON (-thalamus)

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20
Q

RHOMBENCEPHALON divides into which SECONDARY BRAIN VESICLES

A

METENCEPHALON (pons, cerebellum) & MYELENCEPHALON (medulla)

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21
Q

which BRAIN VESICLE forms the MIDBRAIN of the BRAIN STEM

A

MESENCEPHALON

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22
Q

which BRAIN VESICLE forms the CEREBELLUM

A

METENCEPHALON

23
Q

which BRAIN VESICLE forms the CEREBRUM

A

TELENCEPHALON

24
Q

which BRAIN VESICLE forms the MEDULLA of the BRAINSTEM

A

MYELENCEPHALON

25
Q

which BRAIN VESICLE forms the THALAMUS & HYPOTHALAMUS etc

A

DIENCEPHALON

26
Q

which BRAIN VESICLE forms the PONS of the BRAIN STEM

A

METENCEPHALON

27
Q

how is the SPINAL CORD in relation to the SKELETAL SPINAL COLUMN

A

OUTGROWN by it as SPINAL CORD IS NOT AS LONG

SPINAL CORD ENDS AT L1

CAUDA EQUINA continues after it

28
Q

what part of the SPINAL CORD is MOST SIMILAR to the early NEURAL TUBE

A

CENTRAL GREY MATTER (myelencephalon)

29
Q

what part of the BRAIN is MOST SIMILAR to the early NEURAL TUBE

A

PERIAQUEDUCTAL GREY of MIDBRAIN (mesencephalon)

30
Q

at what VERTEBRAL LEVEL does the SPINAL CORD END

A

L1

31
Q

KEY STEP in CEREBRAL CORTEX DEVELOPMENT

A

NEURONAL MIGRATION

32
Q

NEURONAL MIGRATION

where do they MIGRATE to and from

A

From VENTRICULAR ZONE

extend across ventricular surface (inner)

to the outer CORTEX / CORTICAL PLATE

33
Q

what does NEURONAL MIGRATION do

A

INCREASES SURFACE AREA

34
Q

what are KEY CELLS needed for the MIGRATION of NEURONS and for DEVELOPMENT of CEREBRAL CORTEX

A

RADIAL GLIAL CELLS

35
Q

steps in neural development

A
  1. NEURULATION (formation of neural tube from neural plate)
  2. NEURONAL PROLIFERATION
  3. NEURAL MIGRATION
  4. MYELINATION (until early adulthood) (forming myelin on axons for faster signals)

also starting from migration:
SYNAPTOGENESIS
APOPTOSIS

36
Q

what is SYNAPTOGENESIS

A

FORMATION of CONNECTIONS BETWEEN NEURONAL CELLS

37
Q

which NEURONAL CELLS undergo APOPTOSIS

A

those that DON’T HAVE the right / SUCCESSFUL CONNECTIONS

38
Q

which CHEMICAL / TROPHIC FACTOR allows neuronal cells with certain CONNECTIONS to SURVIVE / PERSIST and NOT UNDERGO APOPTOSIS

A

NGF - NERVE GROWTH FACTOR

results in ‘pruning’ of neural branches

39
Q

which MORPHOGENS (Proteins) from the NOTOCHORD INDUCE the OVERLYING ECTODERM to become NEURAL CREST CELLS (neural PRECURSOR cells)
and NOT form EPIDERMIS (which would happen due to BMP4)

A

CHORDIN & NOGGIN

40
Q

what PROTEIN from the NOTOCHORD INDUCES the VENTRAL/BASAL part of NEURAL TUBE to develop characteristics of MOTOR NEURONES and the DORSAL/ALAR Cells to develop characteristics of SENSORY NEURONES

A

SONIC HEDGEHOG (SHH)

41
Q

role of NOTOCHORD

A

INDUCTION of ECTODERM above by release of proteins/chemicals

42
Q

which part of NEURAL TUBE will become SENSORY due to SONIC HEDGEHOG INDUCTION

A

DORSAL / ALAR
(posterior)

43
Q

which part of NEURAL TUBE will become MOTOR due to SONIC HEDGEHOG INDUCTION

A

VENTRAL / BASAL

44
Q

what does NGF do

A

ALLOWS NEURAL CELLS with correct CONNECTIONS to SURVIVE

  • NOT APOPTOSED

Trophic Factor

45
Q

what do CHORDIN & NOGGIN do

A

INDUCE ECTODERM to FORM NEURAL CREST CELLS (which are neural PRECURSORS)

and NOT FORM EPIDERMIS

46
Q

lack of NGF would mean

A

NO APOPTOSIS of FAULTY NEURAL CELLS in development

47
Q

lack of CHORDIN & NOGGIN would mean

A

OVERLYING ECTODERM would become EPIDERMIS
(instead of CREST CELLS)

48
Q

what causes DORSAL ROOT to be SENSORY and VENTRAL ROOT to be MOTOR in spinal nerves

A

SONIC HEDGEHOG (shh)

49
Q

LATERAL VENTRICLES come from which BRAIN VESICLE

A

TELENCEPHALON

50
Q

3RD VENTRICLE from which secondary brain VESICLE

A

DIELENCEPHALON

51
Q

CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT from which brain VESICLE

A

MESENCEPHALON

52
Q

UPPER PART of 4TH VENTRICLE from which brain VESICLE

A

METENCEPHALON

53
Q

LOWER PART of 4TH VENTRICLE from which VESICLE

A

MYELENCEPHALON

Neurosensory (17 decks)

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